Lyocell

How Products are Made, Volume 5 (1997) by Angela Woodward

Lyocell

Lyocell is a manmade fiber derived from cellulose, better known in the United States under the brand name Tencel. Though it is related to rayon, another cellulosic fabric, lyocell is created by a solvent spinning technique, and the cellulose undergoes no significant chemical change. It is an extremely strong fabric with industrial uses such as in automotive filters, ropes, abrasive materials, bandages and protective suiting material. It is primarily found in the garment industry, particularly in women's clothing.

Background

Fabrics derived from cellulose date back to the middle of the nineteenth century, though no one commercially produced one until 1889. A Swiss chemist, George Audemars, was granted an English patent in 1855 for an artificial silk he derived from mulberry bark. Audemars attempted to reproduce the method the silkworm uses for making silk by dissolving the fibrous inner bark of mulberry trees to separate out the cellulose. To form threads, he dipped needles into the cellulose solution and drew them out. Another chemist, Englishman Joseph W. Swan, modified Audemars' technique by forcing the cellulose solution through fine holes. His main interest was in producing filaments for electric lamps, but Swan realized that it was possible to manufacture a cellulose textile using his extrusion method. He exhibited cellulose fabric in London in 1885, but he failed to kindle any interest, and the project died out. Commercial production of a cellulosic fiber was first carried out by the French chemist Count Hilaire de Chardonnet. He exhibited his so-called artificial silk in Paris in 1889, and contrary to Swan's experience, people were thrilled by his new fabric. Chardonnet built a plant in Besancon, France in 1891, and had great success bringing his new fabric, now named rayon, to the forefront of the fashion industry. In the United States, rayon production began in 1910 under the auspices of the American Viscose Company. This company was an affiliate of Samuel Courtaulds and Co., Ltd., the forebear of the primary developer of lyocell, Courtaulds PLC of the United Kingdom (now known as Accordis Fibers).

Chemists and manufacturers were intensely interested in manmade fibers in the twentieth century. Acetate, another cellulosic fiber, was first commercially produced in the United States in 1924. Chemists at the Du Pont company developed nylon in the 1930s, and it came into wide commercial use beginning in 1939. Acrylic and polyester were two other significant man-made fibers. These debuted in the 1950s. Nylon, acrylic and polyester differ from cellulosic fibers because they are derived from chemicals, and thus are totally manmade. Lyocell, rayon and acetate are based on the cellulose in wood pulp, and so these are often designated "natural" fibers, though the fibers would not occur except for a manmade process.

The manufacturing and processing of artificial fibers underwent much refinement throughout the twentieth century. The first rayon produced by Count Chardonnet, for example, proved to be highly flammable, and the rayon on the market today is quite different. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, researchers, principally at the leading rayon A diagram depicting the manufacturing processes used to make lyocell fiber. producer Courtaulds Fibres and at an American firm American Enka, began investigating a new method of producing a cellulosic fiber through a solvent spinning technique. In this method, the cellulose is softened and then spun into fiber. Conventional rayon, by contrast, is called a "regenerated cellulose fiber," and it involves many more steps. The cellulose is first chemically converted into xanthate, then dissolved in caustic soda, then regenerated into cellulose as it is spun. The solvent spinning technique is both simpler and more environmentally sound, since it uses a non-toxic solvent chemical that is recycled in the manufacturing process. The solvent-spun cellulosic fiber lyocell was first produced commercially in the United States in 1992 by Courtaulds. The company used the brand name Tencel. The fabric was given the generic name lyocell in the United States in 1996. By this time, there was one other major lyocell producer in the world, the Austrian company Lenzing AG, which had acquired patents and research on lyocell from American Enka when it bought that company's rayon operation in 1992.

Raw Materials

The main ingredient of lyocell is cellulose, a natural polymer found in the cells of all plants. It forms the basis for other plant-derived fibers such as cotton, hemp, and linen. The cellulose for lyocell manufacturing is derived from the pulp of hardwood trees. The pulp is typically from a mix of trees chosen for their cellulosic properties such as the color and amount of contaminants. Some common tree species used are oak and birch. The trees are grown on managed tree farms, generally on land that is not suitable for other agricultural uses. The solvent used in the manufacturing process is an amine oxide. Water is another key ingredient in producing lyocell fiber. A finishing agent is also used, and this varies, but is generally a lubricant such as soap or silicone. Lyocell fabrics are generally dyed The main ingredient of lyocell is cellulose, a natural polymer found in the cells of all plants. The cellulose for lyocell manufacturing is derived from the pulp of hardwood trees. During the manufacturing process, the hardwood is broken down into chips and then fed into a vat of chemical digesters, which soften them into a wet pulp. The pulp is washed, bleached, and dried in a huge sheet that is rolled onto a giant spool. with any dyes that are also compatible with cotton and rayon.