Mark Plotkin

UXL Newsmakers, (2005)

Mark Plotkin

Ethnobotanist Mark Plotkin (born 1955) has, since the 1980s, scoured the tropical rain forests of Central and South America in search of plants with the power to heal. In his quest Plotkin has enlisted the help of the powerful shamans, or witch doctors, of the Amazon region. For Plotkin, the search has been a race against time, as more and more of the rich resources of the tropical rain forest fall to the bull dozers and land-clearing crews feverishly making way for the inexorable march of civilization.

Throughout the world, during the 20th century man's destruction of the tropical rain forest advanced at a frightening pace. According to ethnobotanist Mark Plotkin, 90 percent of the original forest cover was gone on the island of Madagascar by 2000. Matters were even worse in eastern Brazil where 98 percent of the tropical rain forest was destroyed. One area that has remained relatively untouched has been the northeastern corner of the Amazon region, in and around Surinam, and it is there that Plotkin has done much of his research. At the urging of his mentor, the late Richard Evan Schultes, a pioneer ethnobotanist and professor of botany at Harvard University, Plotkin first traveled to the northeastern Amazon in 1977. "I came down to Surinam actually as a gofer," he told an interviewer on the online Shaman's Apprentice, "just following around some other biologists, trying to get the lay of the land, and figuring out if this is really for me." To Plotkin, whose research has depended on close cooperation with the native peoples of the rain forest, one of the most alarming phenomena has been the disappearance of the rain forest cultures, which have dropped from sight even faster than the forests themselves.

Intrigued by Dinosaurs as a Boy

Plotkin was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, on May 21, 1955. One of two sons of George (a shoe store owner) and teacher Helene (Tatar) Plotkin, he attended Newman High School, graduating in 1973. Fascinated by nature as a child, he spent most of his free time crawling through nearby swamps, collecting snakes and other wildlife. Like a lot of boys his age, Plotkin was also intrigued by dinosaurs, and credits the discovery that dinosaurs had become extinct with his decision to become an environmentalist.

After graduating from high school, Plotkin enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia to study biology. Disappointed by the preoccupation with molecular and cellular biology at the school's science department, he dropped out but soon found himself in Cambridge, Massachusetts, working with the herpetology collection at Harvard University's Museum of Comparative Zoology. One of the perks of Plotkin's job at the museum was free tuition for night classes at Harvard. His decision to enroll in a class called "The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogenic Plants," taught by Schultes, quite simply changed his life. On the very first night of class, Schultes showed students some slides he had taken on one of his many trips to the Amazon. One slide in particular fascinated Plotkin. It showed three men wearing grass skirts and bark masks. Schultes described the photo's subjects as Yukuna Indians performing a sacred dance under the influence of a hallucinogenic potion, pointing out that the man on the left in the photo had a Harvard degree. "That one slide did it," Plotkin told an interviewer for Life. "First of all, the rain forest in the background looked just like the pictures in my old dinosaur books. Second, it was wonderful to think of this straightlaced professor down in the jungle, wildly hallucinating on an Indian psychedelic. Third, I wanted to save the world, and I realized that reptiles couldn't save the world, but plants could."

Determined to become an ethnobotanist, Plotkin threw himself into his studies at Harvard's extension school, earning his bachelor's degree in 1979. Two years later he received a master's degree from Yale University's School of Forestry, then got his Ph.D. from Tufts University in 1989. During his student years Plotkin traveled to the Amazon region and other tropical forests in the Americas whenever he could get away. On one such journey he met Costa Rican conservationist Liliana Madrigal, whom he later married and with whom he has two daughters, Gabrielle and Ann Lauren. The topic of Plotkin's doctoral dissertation was the use of plant-based medicinals among the Tirio tribesmen of Surinam, and he found the rain forests of the country an ideal location for his research due to the presence of not only native tribes but also of "maroons" of African descent as well as several ethnic groups from tropical Asia.

Sought Plants with Medicinal Potential

Since plants had played a vital role in the development of about one-quarter of all existing prescription drugs, Plotkin hoped that with the help of the Amazonian shamans he might be able to uncover still more tropical plants with medicinal potential. He told Christopher Hallowell of Time about a 1987 trip to the Venezuelan rain forest to learn more about a hallucinogen he thought might have some medicinal benefits. Deep in the Venezuelan rain forest, an ancient shaman blew a bit of hallucinogenic powder into Plotkin's left nostril. The ethnobotanist reacted immediately, he told Hallowell, feeling as though he "had been hit with a war club." He saw tiny men dancing before his eyes. When he asked the shaman who they were, the old wise man replied, "They are the hekuri, the spirits of the forest." Subsequent research by French scientists has indicated that one of that powder's ingredients—sap from a nutmeg tree—has the potential to fight fungal infections.