But owthir in frith or felde: the rural in the York cycle

Comparative Drama, Summer, 2003 by Chester Scoville

(7) Knight, A History, 321-22.

(8) Although the citizens of York in some cases supported such rebellions, these events tended to bring in outsiders; Scrope's rebellion, for instance, rallied twenty thousand men at York at a time when its population was less than fifteen thousand altogether (Knight, A History, 259-60, 331; Paniser, Tudor York, 49-50,234-39).

(9) Additionally, such words as thorp, village, and hamlet do not appear at all, the word cite(e) appears only four times, and the word citezens only twice.

(10) Palliser, Tudor York, 30, 228.

(11) Joseph mentions or alludes to his feared outlaw status at II. 46-50, 57-58, 67, 150-51,200, and (possibly) 179.

(12) The Lost Books of the Bible (t926; reprint, Gramercy Books, 1979), 31; see also The Other Bible, ed. Willis Barnestone (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1984), 394.

(13) Palliser, Tudor York, 185.

(14) John Harvey, York (London: Batsford, 1975), 4, 150-51.

(15) See D. M. Palliser, "The Birth of York's Civic Liberties, c. 1200-1354, "in The Government of Medieval York: Essays in Commemoration of the 1396 Royal Charter, ed. Sarah Rees Jones, Borthwick Studies in History 3 (York: Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, University of York, 1997), 88-107.

(16) The N-Town Play, ed. Stephen Spector, EETS, s.s. 11-12 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991); The Chester Mystery Cycle, ed. R. M. Lumiansky and David Mills, EETS, s.s. 3, 9 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974-1986). Edwin Norris, in his edition of the Cornish Ordinalia (Ancient Cornish Drama, 2 vols. [1859; reprint, New York: Benjamin Blom, 1968], 234-35, [l. 174], translates the Cornish word castel as village; as does Markham Harris in his translation of the play The Cornish Ordinalia (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1969), 89.

(17) A. W. Twyford and Arthur Griffiths, Records of York Castle (London, 1880), 37; Pallister, Tudor York, 146.

(18) Knight, A History, 230, 249; Twyford and Griffiths, Records of York Castle, 37.

(19) John Leland, The Itinerary, ed. Lucy Toulmin Smith, 5 vols. (1965; reprint, Carhondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1964), 1:54.

(20) Palliser, Tudor York, 10, 29.

(21) Ibid, 176.

(22) V. A. Kolve, The Play Called Corpus Christi (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966), 206.

(23) See Rosemary Woolf, The English Mystery Plays (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972), 183-84.

(24) See, for example, Herman E. Daly, Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996), 45-60.

(25) Records of Early English Drama: York, ed. Alexandra E Johnston and Margaret Rogerson, 2 vols. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979), 1:11, 2:697. Sarah Rees Jones has discussed the ways in which the government of late medieval York structured the city's finances so that the city could function" as a religious institution" in its own right; Jones demonstrates "the attempts of the city authorities to both beautiful and perhaps beatify the walled city of York." "York's Civic Administration, 1354-1464," in The Government of Medieval York, ed. Rees Jones, 136-38.