Examining race/ethnicity and fears of children and adolescents in the United States: differences between white, African American, and Hispanic populations.(Research)(Report)

Journal of Counseling and Development, September, 2009 by Burnham, Joy J.

Close connections between developmental theory and fear research are found throughout the body of literature related to fear (Angelino, Dollins, & Mech, 1956; Bauer, 1976; Davidson, White, Smith, & Poppen, 1989; Derevensky, 1979; Gullone & King, 1993; Hall, 1897; Jersild & Holmes, 1935a, 1935b; King & Ollendick, 1989; Morris & Kratochwill, 1985; Ollendick, 1979). Although many of these studies are dated at this time, they are a reminder of the predictable patterns of fears that have been documented through the centuries. Fears are considered to be a normal part of development (Morris & Kratochwill, 1985). Gullone (1996) described fear in children as "an adaptive reaction to a real or imagined threat" (p. 144). With cognitive and social development, the fears of children...

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