The Art association/higher education partnership: implementing residential professional development.

In-service professional development in education began informally in the early nineteenth-century as a means of disseminating classroom management techniques, specifically addressing ways in which corporal punishment could be delivered to a child without inflicting serious injury (DuBey et al. 1982). This initial effort paralleled a concern regarding children's rights and welfare sparked by the abuses of the Industrial Revolution (Horn 1995). Teachers at the time enjoyed almost total autonomy in the classroom, and although an educator's command of academic content was assumed to ...