Evolutionary analyses of ethnic solidarity: an overview

People and Place, June, 2008 by Frank Salter

References

(1) A. D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1986, pp. 22-30; and see M. Weber, 'The nation', in H. H. Gerth and C. W. Mills (Eds), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1922/1946.

(2) I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Love and Hate: The Natural History of Behavior Patterns, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York (Original German edition 1970, R. Piper, Munich), 1972/1970; I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, The Biology of Peace and War: Men, Animals, and Aggression, Thames and Hudson (German original: Krieg und Frieden aus der Sicht der Verhaltensforschung, 1975), London, 1979/1975

(3) R. Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1989/1976, p. 2

(4) Eibl-Eibesfeldt did not make use of the most radical sociobiological theory, according to which a trait is adaptive if it causes the genes coding for it to spread within the gene pool.

(5) C. Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, Murray, London, 1913/1871, especially p. 203; Darwin's group selection theory was elaborated by a distinguished anthropologist in the 1940s--A. Keith, A New Theory of Human Evolution, Philosophical Library, New York, 1968/1947.

(6) I. Eibl-Eibcsfcldt, 'Warfare, man's indoctrinability and group selection', Ethology (Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie), vol.60, 1982, pp. 177-198

(7) I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 'Us and the others: the familial roots of ethnonationalism', in I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt and F. K. Salter (Eds), Ethnic Conflict and Indoctrination: Altruism and identity in Evolutionary perpective, Berghahn, Oxford and New York, 2001/1998

(8) I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology, Aldine de Gruyter, New York, 1989/1984, pp. 90-103

(9) E. Sober and D. S. Wilson, Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1998

(10) D. S. Wilson, Darwin's Cathedral: The Organismic Nature of Religion, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2002. Also see Sober and Wilson, Unto Others, 1998, op. cit.

(11) D. T. Campbell, 'On the genetics of altruism and the counter-hedonic components in human culture', Journal of Social Issues, vol. 28, no. 3, 1972, pp. 21-37

(12) E.O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1975, p. 562

(13) Eibl-Eibesfeldt and Salter (Eds), Ethnic Conflict, 2001, op. cit.

(14) F. K. Salter (Ed.), Risky Transactions: Trust, Kinship, and Ethnicity, Berghahn, Oxford and New York, 2002

(15) See for example, A. Alesina, R. Baqir and W. Easterly, 'Public goods and ethnic divisions', Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 114 (November), I999,pp. 1243-1284; A. Leigh. 'Trust, inequality and ethnic heterogeneity', The Economic Reconomic Record, vol. 82, no. 258, 2006, pp. 268-80; R. D. Putnam, 'E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and community in the twenty-first century, the 2006 Johan Skytte Prize lecture', Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 30, 2007, pp. 137-174.

(16) M. Butovskaya, F. Salter, I Diakonov and A. Smirnov, 'Urban begging and ethnic nepotism in Russia: an cthological pilot study', Human Nature, vol. 11, no. 2, 2000, pp. 157-182