Business Services Industry
A dynamic approach to population change in central cities and their suburbs, 1980-1990: crime, employment, and spatial proximity
American Journal of Economics and Sociology, The, April, 2005 by Joong-Hwan Oh
Appendix
Means and Standard Deviation for Selected Variables for Population
Change in Central Cities and Their Suburbs 1980-1990
Central Cities
Variables Mean SD (3)
Change in white population, 1980-1990 6865.0 70671.4
White population, 1980 258056.3 416506.1
Change in black population, 1980-1990 -61396.1 875496.9
Black population, 1980 155509.5 966949.0
Violent crime, 1980 774.0 585.6
Change in violent crime, 1980-1990 359.1 504.9
Employment, 1980 56.4 5.4
Change in employment, 1980-1990 7.4 6.2
Total population (in 1,000s), 1980 381.5 689.7
Percent poor, 1980 11.8 4.6
Percent single family, 1980 19.4 5.3
Suburbs
Variables Mean SD
Change in white population, 1980-1990 59352.9 156611.3
White population, 1980 408234.0 526415.2
Change in black population, 1980-1990 11092.0 29338.0
Black population, 1980 27459.6 55882.6
Violent crime, 1980 369.9 264.8
Change in violent crime, 1980-1990 86.9 394.1
Employment, 1980 58.6 7.7
Change in employment, 1980-1990 8.3 9.0
Total population (in 1,000s), 1980 465.9 608.2
Percent poor, 1980 7.6 4.6
Percent single family, 1980 100.5 2.4
(3) Denotes standard deviation.
Table 1
Coefficients from the Regression of Population Change in Central
Cities and Their Suburbs on Selected Independent Variables:
Semi-Difference Model, 1980 to 1990
Population Change, 1980 to 1990
Central Cities
White Black
Independent Variable b (1) SE (2) b
Semi-Difference Model
Central-city violent crime, 1980 15.0 12.3 4.4
Central-city employment, 1980 2357.5 ( ) 1261.3 1.79
Central-city total population -52.4 * 7.1 34.8 *
(in 1,000s), 1980
Central-city percent poor, 1980 -423.5 1487.1 -82.1
Central-city percent single -2962.7 ( ) 1556.1 -879.9 ( )
family, 1980
Suburban total population -- --
(in 1,000s), 1980
Suburban percent poor, 1980 -- --
Suburban percent single -- --
family, 1980
Suburban violent crime, 1980 65.0 * 21.2 -15.5 *
Suburban employment, 1980 -1183.7 762.9 -198.8
[R.sup.2] 0.41 0.64
Population Change, 1980 to
1990
Central
Cities Suburbs
Black White
Independent Variable SE b SE
Semi-Difference Model
Central-city violent crime, 1980 4.0 55.4 ( ) 31.2
Central-city employment, 1980 408.0 4993.0 ( ) 2983.2
Central-city total population 2.3 --
(in 1,000s), 1980
Central-city percent poor, 1980 481.1 --
Central-city percent single 503.4 --
family, 1980
Suburban total population 81.4 * 28.0
(in 1,000s), 1980
Suburban percent poor, 1980 -220.3 3709.5
Suburban percent single -7920.3 7501.8
family, 1980
Suburban violent crime, 1980 6.9 -6.0 62.7
Suburban employment, 1980 246.8 -782.1 2443.3
[R.sup.2] 0.15
Population Change,
1980 to 1990
Suburbs
Black
Independent Variable b SE
Semi-Difference Model
Central-city violent crime, 1980 14.3 * 4.7
Central-city employment, 1980 154.9 453.0
Central-city total population --
(in 1,000s), 1980
Central-city percent poor, 1980 --
Central-city percent single --
family, 1980
Suburban total population 22.1 * 4.3
(in 1,000s), 1980
Suburban percent poor, 1980 368.3 563.2
Suburban percent single -634.7 1139.1
family, 1980
Suburban violent crime, 1980 15.3 9.5
Suburban employment, 1980 227.6 371.0
[R.sup.2] 0.42
( ) p < 0.05 (one-tailed tests); * p < 0.05 (two-tailed tests).
(1) Denotes unstandarized coefficients.
(2) Denotes standard error.
Table 2
Coefficients from the Regression of Population Change in Central
Cities and Their Suburbs on Selected Independent Variables:
Mixed-Difference Model, 1980 to 1990
Population Change, 1980 to 1990
Central Cities
White Black
Independent Variable b SE b
Mixed-Difference Model
Central-city white 0.07 0.10 --
population, 1980
Central-city black -- -.01
population, 1980
Suburban white population, -- --
1980
Suburban black population, -- --
1980
Central-city violent crime, 23.7 ( ) 13.0 7.8 *
1980
Change in central-city 0.9 12.3 1.9
violent crime, 1980 to 1990
Central-city employment, 2518.1 ( ) 1332.3 315.5
1980
Change in central-city 2567.8 * 829.8 727.8 *
employment, 1980 to 1990
Central-city total population -98.7 59.9 41.6
(in 1,000s), 1980
Central-city percent poor, -1230.6 1786.1 96.8
1980
Central-city percent single -2904.5 ( ) 1751.6 -848.8 ( )
family, 1980
Suburban total population -- -- --
(in 1,000s), 1980
Suburban percent poor, 1980 -- -- --
Suburban percent single -- -- --
family, 1980
Suburban violent crime, 1980 33.7 23.6 0.06
Change in suburban violent 7.9 * 2.8 -6.3 *
crime, 1980 to 1990
Suburban employment, 1980 -1604.8 ( ) 963.6 -343.7
Change in suburban -826.1 689.1 -370.3 *
employment, 1980 to 1990
[R.sup.2] 0.53 0.80
Population
Change, Population Change,
1980 to 1990 1980 to 1990
Central
Cities Suburbs
Black White
Independent Variable SE b SE
Mixed-Difference Model
Central-city white -- --
population, 1980
Central-city black 0.02 -- --
population, 1980
Suburban white population, 0.55 * 0.19
1980
Suburban black population, -- --
1980
Central-city violent crime, 3.5 71.1 * 18.5
1980
Change in central-city 3.3 14.4 18.9
violent crime, 1980 to 1990
Central-city employment, 363.7 4263.7 * 1944.8
1980
Change in central-city 230.1 3904.1 * 1400.8
employment, 1980 to 1990
Central-city total population 6.1 -- --
(in 1,000s), 1980
Central-city percent poor, 483.9 -- --
1980
Central-city percent single 509.3 -- --
family, 1980
Suburban total population -- -474.7 * 179.6
(in 1,000s), 1980
Suburban percent poor, 1980 -- 1162.4 2235.3
Suburban percent single -- -6186.3 4814.5
family, 1980
Suburban violent crime, 1980 6.4 31.7 37.7
Change in suburban violent 0.77 17.6 * 8.3
crime, 1980 to 1990
Suburban employment, 1980 263.2 796.7 1777.0
Change in suburban 186.1 918.8 1099.5
employment, 1980 to 1990
[R.sup.2] 0.30
Population Change,
1980 to 1990
Suburbs
Black
Independent Variable b SE
Mixed-Difference Model
Central-city white -- --
population, 1980
Central-city black -- --
population, 1980
Suburban white population, -- --
1980
Suburban black population, 459.0 * 52.7
1980
Central-city violent crime, 7.2 ( ) 4.1
1980
Change in central-city 5.6 4.0
violent crime, 1980 to 1990
Central-city employment, 278.8 405.1
1980
Change in central-city 228.5 298.9
employment, 1980 to 1990
Central-city total population -- --
(in 1,000s), 1980
Central-city percent poor, -- --
1980
Central-city percent single -- --
family, 1980
Suburban total population -3.7 5.4
(in 1,000s), 1980
Suburban percent poor, 1980 35.4 472.6
Suburban percent single -1169.3 1012.6
family, 1980
Suburban violent crime, 1980 2.9 7.9
Change in suburban violent -1.9 1.3
crime, 1980 to 1990
Suburban employment, 1980 640.0 ( ) 375.2
Change in suburban 577.3 * 231.6
employment, 1980 to 1990
[R.sup.2] 0.70
( ) p < 0.05 (one-tailed tests); * p < 0.05 (two-tailed tests).
- 5 Rules for Immediate Annuities
- Death in the Family: 12 Things to Do Now
- Dumbest Things You Do With Your Money
- 6 Online Networking Mistakes to Avoid
- 401(k) Mistakes to Avoid
- 5 Economic Scenarios to Keep You Up at Night
- The Real ‘Best Places to Retire’
- Best Credit Cards for You
- 12 Tough Questions to Ask Your Parents
- The Real ‘Best Colleges’
- Home Buyer Tax Credit: How to Cash In
- Why You Shouldn't Bash Cash
- 8 Phony 'Bargains' and Better Alternatives
- Danger: 3 Debit Card Scams to Avoid
- 6 Myths About Gas Mileage
- 29 Fees We Hate Most
- Quick and Easy Ways to Boost Returns
- Best Stocks to Buy Now
- Lower Your Taxes: 10 Moves to Make Now
- New Jobs: 8 Lessons from Real-Life Career Switchers
- The New Job Market: Who Wins and Who Loses?
- Health Care Reform's Public Option: Everything You Need to Know
- Volunteer Work When Unemployed: Should You Work for Free?
- Whose Recovery Is This?
- Long-Term-Care Insurance: 4 Biggest Risks to Avoid
Content provided in partnership with
Most Recent Reference Articles
- A Maryland state trooper gave Erik Bonstrom an $80 ticket for driving too slowly
- In California, postal worker Dean Hudson has been found guilty
- Alec Loorz, the 15-year-old founder of Kids vs. Global Warming and recent Brower Youth Award recipient, went to Congress in November for a press conference with Senators Barbara Boxer and John Kerry, who are championing legislation to stabilize US greenho
- ARAB EUROPEAN RELATIONS - Dec 22 - Russia Denies Selling Missile System To Iran
- EGYPT - Dec 29 - Opposition Says Mubarak Blessed Israeli Attacks
Most Recent Reference Publications
Most Popular Reference Articles
- Credit card debt on college campuses: causes, consequences, and solutions
- 9 questions to ask your new lover: what you were afraid to ask, but always wanted to know
- How Tyler Perry rose from homelessness to a $5 million mansion
- Rejoice anyway - Zephaniah 3:14-20, Philippians 4:4-7 - Living by the Word - Column
- Living by the word
Presented by American Express