The Eisenhower administration and the demise of GATT: dancing with Pandora

American Journal of Economics and Sociology, The,  July, 1994  by H. Richard Friman

• E-mail
• Print
• Link

13. "Cotton Textile Imports from Japan," Department of State Bulletin 26 December 1955, pp. 1064-67; New York Times 7 November 1955, p. 45; and Aggarwal (1985: 50).

14. Pruessen (1982: 125-32), for example, notes Dulles's role in the "creation and ongoing functioning" of international cartels in nickel and chemicals.

15. For insights into the hypothetical argument on whether Congress would have ever actually taken on the responsibility for trade policy and legislated such quotas, see Pastor (1983: 158-95).

16. Such a pledge would have eased congressional demands in late 1955 for a halt to further tariff concessions for Japanese textiles. "Cotton Textile Imports from Japan," Department of State Bulletin, 26 December 1955, p. 1066.

17. "Cotton Textile Imports from Japan," Department of state Bulletin 26 December 1955, pp. 1064-67; and Hunsberger (1964: 260).

18. "Cotton Textile Imports from Japan," Department of State Bulletin, 26 December 1955, pp. 1064-65.

19. The argument that the threat of foreign retaliation prevented Eisenhower from using the escape clause is undercut by his decision in 1954 to accept a positive Tariff Commission ruling on watch imports despite the same threats. The argument that GATT's Article 19 on the escape clause--which requires restrictions on all imports of the good in question--ruled out this policy option is undercut by the predominance of Japan in the specific textile products in question by 1956 (see, Kaufman, 1982: 34-39; Hunsberger, 1964: 298-300; and Zheng, 1988: 54).

References

Aggarwal, Vinod. (1985). Liberal Protectionism, Berkeley: U. of California P.

-----, with Stephan Haggard. (1983). "The Politics of Protection in the U.S. Textile and Apparel Industries." Ed. John Zysman and Laura Tyson. American Industry in International Competition: Government Policies and Corporate Strategies, 249-312. Ithaca: Cornell UP.

Aho, C. Michael and Marc Levinson. (1988). After Reagan: Confronting the Changed World Economy. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.

Bauer, Raymond and Ithiel De Sola Pool and Lewis Anthony Dexter. (1972). American Business and Public Policy. Chicago: Adeline, Atherton.

Curzon, Gerard and Victoria Curzon. (1976). "The Management of Trade Relations in the GATT." Ed. Andrew Shonfield. International Economic Relations of the Western World, 1959-71, 143-86. London: Oxford UP.

Dam, Kenneth W. (1970). The GATT: Law and International Economic Organization. Chicago: U. of Chicago P.

Destler. I. M. (1986). American Trade Politics: System Under Stress. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.

Friman, H. Richard. (1990). Patchwork Protectionism: Textile Trade Policy in the United States, Japan, and West Germany. Ithaca: Cornell UP.

-----, (1988). "Rocks, Hard Places, and the New Protectionism." International Organization 42 (Autumn): 689-723.

Giersch, Herbert. (1984). "The New Protectionism: Hypocrisy and Bad Economics." The JAMA Forum 2 (24 Feb.): 3-8.

Greenstein, Fred I. (1982). The Hidden Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader. New York: Basic Books.