Inventing Assyria: exoticism and reception in nineteenth-century England and France

24. Linda Nochlin, "The Imaginary Orient," in The Politics of Vision (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 33-59 at 42.

25. As suggested in another context in Zeynep Celik and Leila Kinney, "Ethnography and Exhibitionism at the Expositions Univerelles," Assemblage, no. 13 (1990): 34-59. On gender in exoticist representation and its relation to other forms of difference, see also Reina Lewis, Gendering Orientalism: Race, Femininity and Representation (New York: Routledge, 1996); Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (New York: Routledge, 1995).

26. An assumption of not only Nochlin. See Kabbani (as in n. 21), 67-85; Joanna de Groot, "'Sex' and 'Race': The Construction of Language and Image in the Nineteenth Century," in Sexuality and Subordination: Interdisciplinary Studies of Gender in the Nineteenth Century, ed. Susan Mendus and Jane Rendall (London: Routledge, 1989): 89-128.

27. Tourneux (as in n. 21), 48.

28. Behdad (as in n. 13), 13. On the relation of Said's initial, and seminal, formulation to more recent studies, see Gyan Prakash, "Orientalism Now," History and Theory 34, no. 3, (1995): 199-212.

29. Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby, "Rumor, Contagion and Colonization in Gros's Plague-Stricken of Jaffa (1804)," Representations, no. 51 (1995): 1-46 at 2.

30. The acquisition of antiquities is acknowledged by John M. MacKenzie, Orientalism: History, Theory, and the Arts (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), 53, as "that ultimate imperial act," even though he is otherwise notably opposed to analysis in the direction inspired by Said and Nochlin.

31. Descriptive Catalog, 5.

32. Thus, Byron states in Don Juan of 1819-24 (5.62), "Though Claudius Rich, Esquire, some bricks has got/and written lately two memoirs upon't." On Rich, see Lloyd (as in n. 3), 12-42, 57-73; Larsen, 9-12; Julian Reade, "Les relations anglo-francaises en Assyrie," in Fontan, 116-17.

33. Claudius J. Rich, Memoir on the Ruins of Babylon (London: Longman, 1815); idem, Second Memoir on the Ruins of Babylon (London: Longman, 1818); idem, Narrative of a Residence in Koordistan by the Late Claudius James Rich Esquire, edited by his widow, 2 vols. (London: Duncan, 1836); idem, Narrative of a Journey to the Site of Babylon (London: Duncan and Malcolm, 1839).

34. Botta referred to himself as "only a tool of M. Mohl," quoted in Fontan, 13. On Botta's early activities and Mohl's "nationalistic dream," see Larsen, 21-33. On Botta, see also Giovanni Bergamini, "'Spoliis Orientis onustus'. Paul-Emile Botta et la decouverte de la civilisation assyrienne," in Fontan, 68-85; Charles Levavasseur, "Notice sur Paul-Emile Botta," in Relation d'un voyage dans l'Yemen, by Paul-Emile Botta (Paris: E. de Soye, 1880), 1-34. On Mohl, see also F. Max Muller, "Notice sur Jules Mohl," in Mohl, vol. 1, ix-xlvii.

35. Paul-Emile Botta, Monument de Niniv. . . . , 5 vols. (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1849-50, vol. 5, 5.

36. Paul-Emile Botta, Lettres de M. Botta sur ses dicouvertes a Khorsabad pres de Ninive (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1845); idem, M. Botta's Letters on the Discoveries at Nineveh, Translated from the French by C.T. (London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1850). First published irregularly in Le Journal Asiatique from 1843 to 1845, the letters were also quoted frequently in magazine dispatches about the discoveries.