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Wright's Baghdad opera house and Gammage Auditorium: in search of regional modernity
Art Bulletin, The, June, 2005 by Joseph M. Siry
1. Earlier studies of the Baghdad Opera House project and Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium are Frieda Estes Bridgeman, "The Development of a Theatre Concept as Reflected in the Theatrical Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright" (PhD diss., University of Wisconsin, 1971), 191-97, 200-223; and Stephen D.
Helmer, "Grady Gammage Auditorium and the Baghdad Opera Project: Two Late Designs by Frank Lloyd Wright," Frank Lloyd Wright Newsletter 3, no. 4 (1980): 10-17. The main studies of Wright's designs for Baghdad are Neil Levine, The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 383-404; and Mina Marefat, "Wright's Baghdad," in Anthony Alofsin, ed., Frank Lloyd Wright: Europe and Beyond (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 184-213. Levine is continuing to examine Wright's urbanism, and Marefat is now exploring Wright's and his successors' work in Baghdad and Tehran. Brief discussions of Gammage Auditorium appear in "Wright's Legacy: Culture in the Southwest," Architectural Forum 111 (August 1959): 9, 11; Ernest J. Hopkins and Alfred Thomas, The Arizona State University Story (Phoenix: Southwest, 1960), 295; "Mr. Wright and His Successors," Western Architect and Engineer 221 (March 1961): 20-33; "Frank Lloyd Wright's Legacy: Projects and Sketches," Architectural Forum 117 (July 1962): 9; "Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium," Builder/Architect (Arizona) June 1964, 15-21; Convocation Dedicating the Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium, September 16, 1964 (Tempe: Arizona State University, 1964); Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium (Tempe: Arizona State University, 1964); "Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium," Arizona Highways 41 (February 1965): 38-47; Charles Jencks, Modern Movements in Architecture (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1973), 109-40; David B. Scoular, The First Decade: A History of Events at Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium 1964-1974 (Tempe: Arizona State University, 1976); Dean Smith, Men to Match Our Buildings: A History of Arizona State University Told in the Biographies of Its Builders (Tempe: Arizona State University, 1976), 12-13; Marcus Whiffen, American Architecture since 1780: A Guide to the Styles (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1978), 263-68; Robert C. Twombly, Frank Lloyd Wright: His Life and His Architecture (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1979), 359-60; Brendan Gill, Many Masks: A Life of Frank Lloyd Wright (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1987), 282; Yukio Futagawa and Bruce Brooks Pfeiffer, eds., Frank Lloyd Wright: Preliminary Studies 1933-1959 (Tokyo: A.D.A. Edita, 1987), 220-23; Frank Lloyd Wright, "Gammage Auditorium and Greek Orthodox Church" (talk, to Taliesin Fellows, Taliesin West, December 14, 1958), in Pfeiffer, ed., Frank Lloyd Wright: His Living Voice (Fresno: Press at California State University, 1987), 52-53; Futagawa and Pfeiffer, eds., Frank Lloyd Wright Monograph 1951-1959 (Tokyo: A.D.A. Edita, 1988), 364-69; Gammage (Tempe: Arizona State University, 1989); Smith, Grady Gammage: ASU's Man of Vision (Tempe: Arizona State University, 1989), 19-20; Gordon A. Sabine, G. Homer: President, Arizona State University 1960-69 (Tempe: Arizona State University, 1992), 65-69; William A. Storrer, The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 464-65; Alofsin, "Frank Lloyd Wright and Modernism," in Frank Lloyd Wright Architect, ed. Terence Riley (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1994), 53; Terry L. Patterson, Frank Lloyd Wright and the Meaning of Materials (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1994), 91-92, 112-13, 152, 160, 163-66, 169, 171, 173, 186, 194-96, 202, 214, 225-27; Maria Costantino, Frank Lloyd Wright Design (London: Saturn, 1995), 126-27; George C. Izenour, Theater Design, 2nd ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 330-34, 433-34, 522, 523, 536, 537, 568, 571; Srilatha K. Kannan, "Speech Intelligibility at Grady Gammage Auditorium" (master's thesis, Arizona State University, 1997); Leon C. Metz, Robert E. McKee, Master Builder of Structures beyond the Ordinary (El Paso: Robert E. and Evelyn McKee Foundation, 1997), 279-81; Robert McCarter, Frank Lloyd Wright (London: Phaidon, 1997), 324; and Storrer, The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright: A Complete Catalog, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 441. Since its opening in 1964, Gammage Auditorium has undergone periodic renovation and restoration, overseen by Taliesin Associated Architects. See nn. 127, 137 below. The major change was the addition in 1996-97 of a "pocket" on the building's southeast side for periodically storing the stage's telescoping orchestra shell.
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