Dietrich Boschung

(55.) Pollini (as in n. 4), esp. 87--89, 95--99, 126--32; and idem, "The Acanthus of the Ara Pacis as an Apolline and Dionysiac Symbol of Anamorphosis, Anakyklosis and Numen Mixtum," in Von der Bauforschung zur Denkmalpflegue, Festschrift fur Alois Machalschek, ed. Martin Kubelik and Mario Schwarz (Vienna: Phoibos, 1993), esp. 214--17, for the wider implications of this augural act. Although I had proposed in my dissertation that the augural act represented had to do with marking out the augural templum terrestre, on which the monumental altar was to be built, it is equally possible that the augural act was a maximum augurium salutis Rei Publicae. See further ibid., 216; and idem, "Frieden-durch-Sieg-Ideolog und die Ara Pacis Augustae: Bildrhetorik und die Schopfung einer dynastischen Erzahlweise," in Interdisziplinares Kolloquium Historische Architekturreliefs yam Alten Agypten bis zum Mittelalter (forthcoming).

(56.) See Cassius Dio, 37.24; and Kurt Latte, Romische Religionsgeschichte (Munich: Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1960), 140--41, 289--300.

(57.) Erika Simon, Ara Pacis Augustae (Greenwich, Conn.: New York Graphic Society, 1967), 9, first noted the similarity between the two structures. To my mind, the Ma Pacis was in effect a monumental counter response to the Forum Shrine of Janus Geminus, which Augustus restored. Although bifrontal emphasis is evident in Greek temples and sacred structures, the double doors and bifrontality of the Ara Pacis was probably intended to recall more directly the Shrine of Janus, since a Roman janus is a double-gated passageway. This relationship between the architectural form of the Ara Pacis and the Shrine of Janus cannot have been coincidental because we know that opening or closing the doors of Janus signified (respectively) a state of war or peace. Marks for doorposts in its doorsill indicate that the Ma Pacis also had closing doors.

(58.) Cassius Dio, 51.20.4; Augustus, Monumentum Ancyranum 13. See also Suetonius, Divus Augustus 31.4; and Livy, 1.19.2, who says only that it was closed after Actium. The first closing formally marked the cessation of the Civil Wars; the second took place after the Cantabrian War in 25 B.C.E.; the third, of unknown date, presumably occurred after Augustus's return from Spain and Gaul in 13 B.C.E., the year in which the Ma Pads was "constituted" through an augural act.

(59.) This is true also for most portraits of Type IV with sure provenance; Boschung, 86, 90.

(60.) In the case of the posthumous altar image in Palestrina (cat. no. 63, pl. 67.1-2), which Boschung classifies as belonging to his Kopenhagen 611 replica series, the hair is too damaged to indicate to what type this portrait belongs. Also, unlike the other three portraits, the Palestrina head turns slightly to the right, rather than to the left.

(61.) See Crawford (as in n. 24), 499, nos. 490/1--4, 740 and n, 4.

(62.) See Pollini (as in n. 20), 2--3 and n. 11, for further bibliography on this subject.