Law and order in Ruben's 'Wolf and Fox Hunt.'

33. See A. Zweite, Marten de Vos als Maler, Berlin, 1980, 322-24, for the Anselme portrait. De Clamorgan, fol. 113v, writes: "A baby in swaddling clothes teethes more quickly and painlessly when it has wolves' teeth. For this reason Parisian mothers give their newborn infants a silver rattle with a large wolfs tooth set at its tip, which the babies play with, suck on, and rub on their gums. This helps them to teethe with little discomfort." For wolves' teeth in 17th-century inventories, see E. Duverger, Antwerpse Kunstinventarissen uit de Zeventiende Eeuw: 1. 1600-1617, Fontes Historiae Artis Neerlandicae, Bronnen voor de Kunstgeschiedenis van de Nederlanden, Brussels, 1984, 339, Sept. 7, 1615 ("Een wolffstant met silver beslaegen"), 463 (an example in the inventory of the surgeon Jan van Loobosch, who died May 7, 1615); and ibid., III. 1627-1635, Brussels, 1987, 74, a small box with wolves' teeth, owned by Hendrik Smits, the Antwerp silversmith, who died Oct. 25, 1627. M. D. K. Bremmer, The Story of Dentistry, 3d rev. ed., Brooklyn/London, 1954, 31, notes that wolf-tooth amulets were placed in cradles and hung around babies' necks. Although widespread, this usage did have its critics in the 17th century, as V. Guerini, A History of Dentistry from the Most Ancient Times until the End of the Eighteenth Century, New York, 1969, observes. For instance, in 1630, Johann Stephan Strolberger, in his treatise on teeth and gout, called the remedy vain and fantastical. Examples of such amulets survive in museums of science and natural history, medicine, and anthropology, e.g., in the Schweizerisches Pharmazie-Historisches Museum, Basel, and in the Pitt Rivers Museum, School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, Oxford, inv. no. 1949.3.13. I am indebted to Ed Morman of The Johns Hopkins University, Institute of the History of Medicine, for information regarding amulets in these collections.

34. De Clamorgan, fol. 119. He also remarks (fol. 115v) that in the more than fifty years he has "waged war" on wolves not one of his dogs was killed, whereas his neighbors suffered losses in this regard; therefore, he advises "princes et grands seigneurs" to hunt only with dogs belonging to a "race" that loves to chase the wolf. To insure that they are "large, strong, and bold" he recommends feeding them plentiful food at the same time. Race in this context does not have the present-day meaning of pedigree, but refers, rather, to a family line possessing certain faculties.

35. Phoebus, 236-37, where the levrier and the limier are indicated; de Clamorgan, fol. 115, for the chien courant. See Cummins, 12-31, for a comprehensive account of hunting dogs in medieval cynegetic literature; for the dog packs maintained by the archdukes and governors of the Spanish Netherlands, see A. Galesloot, La Maison de Chasse des ducs de Brabant et de l'ancienne cour de Bruxelles precedees d'un aperfu sur l'ancient droit de chasse, Brussels, 1854, 151-52, and 137, where the greyhound is mentioned for hunting the wolf (as well as the boar and the stag).