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Health Care Industry
Industry: Email Alert RSS FeedUnintentional deaths from drug poisoning by urbanization of area—New Mexico, 1994-2003
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Sept 9, 2005 by N. Shah, M.G. Landen
TABLE 1. Number * and percentage of deaths from unintentional drug
poisoning, by urbanization of area and selected characteristics--New
Mexico, 1994-2003
Metropolitan
area ([dagger])
Characteristic No. (%)
Sex
Female 331 (23.4)
Male 1,081 (76.6)
Race/Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic 602 (42.6)
Hispanic (of any race) 728 (51.6)
All others 82 (5.8)
Years of death
1994-1995 178 (12.6)
1996-1997 209 (14.8)
1998-1999 328 (23.2)
2000-2001 318 (22.5)
2002-2003 379 (26.8)
Type of drug that caused
poisoning death ([section])
Any illicit drug 1,018 (72.1)
Any prescription drug 525 (37.2)
Specific illicit drugs
Heroin 743 (52.6)
Cocaine 549 (38.9)
Methamphetamine 57 (4.0)
Specific prescription drugs
Methadone 184 (13.0)
Other opioid painkiller ** 277 (19.6)
Antidepressant ** 137 (9.7)
Tranquilizer/Muscle relaxant ** 180 (12.8)
Other prescription drug ** 26 (1.8)
Over-the-counter drug ** 113 (8.0)
Alcohol and drug cointoxication 407 (28.8)
Total 1,410 (71.3)
Micropolitan
area ([dagger])
Characteristic No. (%)
Sex
Female 116 (23.2)
Male 384 (76.8)
Race/Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic 167 (33.4)
Hispanic (of any race) 311 (62.2)
All others 22 (4.4)
Years of death
1994-1995 68 (13.6)
1996-1997 78 (15.6)
1998-1999 101 (20.2)
2000-2001 96 (19.2)
2002-2003 157 (31.4)
Type of drug that caused
poisoning death ([section])
Any illicit drug 356 (71.2)
Any prescription drug 201 (40.2)
Specific illicit drugs
Heroin 244 (48.8)
Cocaine 192 (38.4)
Methamphetamine 34 (6.8)
Specific prescription drugs
Methadone 49 (9.8)
Other opioid painkiller ** 114 (22.8)
Antidepressant ** 51 (10.2)
Tranquilizer/Muscle relaxant ** 75 (15.0)
Other prescription drug ** 8 (1.6)
Over-the-counter drug ** 39 (7.8)
Alcohol and drug cointoxication 194 (38.8)
Total 500 (25.3)
Nonstatistical
area ([dagger])
Characteristic No. (%)
Sex
Female 17 (25.0)
Male 51 (75.0)
Race/Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic 31 (45.6)
Hispanic (of any race) 36 (52.9)
All others 1 (1.5)
Years of death
1994-1995 9 (13.2)
1996-1997 13 (19.1)
1998-1999 7 (10.3)
2000-2001 15 (22.1)
2002-2003 24 (35.3)
Type of drug that caused
poisoning death ([section])
Any illicit drug 39 (57.4)
Any prescription drug 34 (50.0) ([paragraph])
Specific illicit drugs
Heroin 24 (35.3) ([paragraph])
Cocaine 21 (30.9)
Methamphetamine 4 (5.9) ([paragraph])
Specific prescription drugs
Methadone 7 (10.3)
Other opioid painkiller ** 26 (38.2) ([paragraph])
Antidepressant ** 7 (10.3)
Tranquilizer/Muscle relaxant ** 9 (13.2)
Other prescription drug ** 1 (1.5)
Over-the-counter drug ** 3 (4.4)
Alcohol and drug cointoxication 25 (36.8) ([paragraph])
Total 68 (3.4)
* N = 1,978; excludes four decedents with missing residence data.
([dagger]) Metropolitan areas have at least one urban area with
[greater than or equal to] 50,000 population. Micropolitan areas have
at least one urban area with 10,000-49,999 population. All other areas
are nonstatistical areas.
([section]) Types of drugs that caused poisoning deaths are not
mutually exclusive. More than one type of drug might have caused
death; the sum of the drug types exceeds the total number of deaths.
([paragraph]) p<0.05.
** Opioid painkillers other than methadone were morphine, codeine,
oxycodone, hydrocodone, meperidine, propoxyphene, hydromorphone,
fentanyl, pentazocine, and tramadol. Antidepressants were
amitriptyline, bupropion, citalopram, desipramine, doxepin,
venlafaxine, imipramine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, trazodone, sertraline,
amoxapine, and fluvoxamine. Tranquilizers/muscle relaxants were
clonazepam, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, lorazepam, temazepam,
alprazolam, zolpidem, meprobamate, lithium, carisoprodol,
cyclobenzoprine, and chloral hydrate. Other prescription drugs were
anti-arrythmics, anticonvulsants, COX-2 inhibitors, and atypical
antipsychotics. Over-the-counter drugs included acetaminophen,
salicylate, ibuprofen, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, and
ephedrine/pseudoephedrine.
TABLE 2. Number and rate * of deaths from unintentional drug
poisoning, by urbanization of area and drug type--New Mexico,
1994-2003
Rate
Total
Metropolitan
Type of drug ([dagger]) No. Rate area ([section])
Any illicit drug 1,415 8.1 9.0
Any prescription drug 762 4.4 4.7
Specific illicit drugs
Heroin 1,013 5.8 6.6
Cocaine 763 4.4 4.8
Methamphetamine 95 0.6 0.5
Specific prescription drugs
Methadone 240 1.4 1.6
Other opioid painkiller
([paragraph]) 418 2.4 2.5
Antidepressant ([paragraph]) 196 1.1 1.2
Tranquilizer/Muscle relaxant
([paragraph]) 265 1.5 1.6
Over-the-counter drug
([paragrapgh]) 155 0.9 1.0
Alcohol and drug
cointoxication 627 3.6 3.6
Total 1,982 11.4 12.6
Rate Rate
Micropolitan Nonstatistical
Type of drug ([dagger]) area ([section]) area ([section])
Any illicit drug 6.8 4.4
Any prescription drug 3.8 3.6
Specific illicit drugs
Heroin 4.7 2.6
Cocaine 3.7 2.4
Methamphetamine 0.6 0.5
Specific prescription drugs
Methadone 0.9 0.7
Other opioid painkiller
([paragraph]) 2.2 2.8
Antidepressant ([paragraph]) 1.0 0.8
Tranquilizer/Muscle relaxant
([paragraph]) 1.4 1.0
Over-the-counter drug
([paragrapgh]) 0.7 --
Alcohol and drug
cointoxication 3.7 2.7
Total 9.5 7.4
* Per 100,000 population, age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard
population.
([dagger]) Types of drugs that caused poisoning deaths are not mutually
exclusive. More than one type of drug might have caused death; the sum
of the drug types exceeds the total number of deaths.
([section]) Metropolitan areas have at least one urban area with
[greater than or equal to] 50,000 population. Micropolitan areas
have at least one urban area with 10,000-49,999 population. All other
areas are nonstatistical areas.
([paragraph]) Opioid painkillers other than methadone were morphine,
codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, meperidine, propoxyphene,
hydromorphone, fentanyl, pentazocine, and tramadol. Antidepressants
were amitriptyline, bupropion, citalopram, desipramine, doxepin,
venlafaxine, imipramine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, trazodone,
sertraline, amoxapine, and fluvoxamine. Tranquilizers/muscle
relaxants were clonazepam, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, lorazepam,
temazepam, alprazolam, zolpidem, meprobamate, lithium, carisoprodol,
cyclobenzoprine, and chloral hydrate. Over-the-counter drugs included
acetaminophen, salicylate, ibuprofen, diphenhydramine, doxylamine,
and ephedrine/pseudoephedrine.
** Fewer than four cases.
TABLE 3. Likelihood of selected types of drugs causing death from
unintentional poisoning, * by urbanization of area and drug type--New
Mexico, 1994-2003
Metro- Micropolitan
politan areas ([dagger])
areas
([dagger]) AOR (95% CI
Type of drug (referent) ([section]) ([paragraph]))
Any illicit drug 1.0 0.65 (0.45-0.93)
Any prescription drug 1.0 1.71 (1.23-2.38)
Specific illicit drugs
Heroin 1.0 0.83 (0.60-1.15)
Cocaine 1.0 0.75 (0.55-1.04)
Methamphetamine 1.0 1.29 (0.62-2.68)
Specific prescription drugs
Methadone 1.0 1.51 (0.92-2.48)
Other opioid pain-
killer ** 1.0 1.21 (0.83-1.77)
Antidepressant ** 1.0 1.38 (0.82-2.31)
Tranquilizer/Muscle
relaxant ** 1.0 1.42 (0.93-2.17)
Alcohol and drug
cointoxication 1.0 1.68 (1.21-2.33)
Nonstatistical
areas ([dagger])
Type of drug AOR (95% CI)
Any illicit drug 0.40 (0.21-0.76)
Any prescription drug 2.41 (1.32-4.40)
Specific illicit drugs
Heroin 0.55 (0.30-1.02)
Cocaine 0.58 (0.32-1.08)
Methamphetamine 0.94 (0.27-3.28)
Specific prescription drugs
Methadone 2.12 (0.84-5.36)
Other opioid pain-
killer ** 2.23 (1.19-4.17)
Antidepressant ** 1.09 (0.41-2.88)
Tranquilizer/Muscle
relaxant ** 1.26 (0.55-2.88)
Alcohol and drug
cointoxication 1.58 (0.87-2.87)
* Multivariate logistic model adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, age,
New Mexico geographic region, and year of death.
([dagger]) Metropolitan areas have at least one urban area with
[greater than or equal to] 50,000 population. Micropolitan areas
have at least one urban area with 10,000-49,999 population. All other
areas are nonstatistical areas.
([section]) Adjusted odds ratio.
([paragraph]) Confidence interval.
** Opioid painkillers other than methadone were morphine, codeine,
oxycodone, hydrocodone, meperidine, propoxyphene, hydromorphone,
fentanyl, pentazocine, and tramadol. Antidepressants were
amitriptyline, bupropion, citalopram, desipramine, doxepin,
venlafaxine, imipramine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, trazodone, sertraline,
amoxapine, and fluvoxamine. Tranquilizer/muscle relaxants were
clonazepam, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, lorazepam, temazepam,
alprazolam, zolpidem, meprobamate, lithium, carisoprodol,
cyclobenzoprine, and chloral hydrate.
COPYRIGHT 2005 U.S. Government Printing Office
COPYRIGHT 2008 Gale, Cengage Learning
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