Should I stay, and should I grow? Two companies from opposite ends of the country began their hunt for a magic potion to help slow premium increases. In one instance, a corporate giant decides to expand its captive experiment. In another, management decides to retrench

Risk & Insurance, April 15, 2005 by Thomas J. Slattery

They hail from different ends of the continent and they differ significantly in the nature and scope of their businesses, but some years ago their paths crossed in Vermont. Years later, for similar reasons, they're still there.

Giant Alcoa, the Pennsylvania metals behemoth, and Elixir Industries, the considerably smaller California manufacturer of components for recreational vehicles and manufactured housing, found themselves somewhat strange bedfellows in the very early stages of the captive insurance industry there, and still do.

Elixir's was the second captive licensed in Vermont, Alcoa's was the eighth.

John Wilson has been with Alcoa since 1980, and with its captive company, Three Rivers, since 1991. "To start from the beginning," says Wilson, "Alcoa had captives in Bermuda starting in the '70s. We were involved in third-party business from the very beginning. Around '83, a tax reform act in the Reagan administration eliminated the advantages of being offshore, at least for us, so we began looking for an onshore domicile."

Because Alcoa has a lot of operations in Tennessee, they thought they'd locate there and they were far along in the process when Vermont unveiled its captive law.

"They did a very smart thing," he says. "They took the Bermuda law, crossed out Bermuda, and wrote in Vermont. It was very friendly to all the captives that were moving from Bermuda to Vermont. They were familiar with the Bermuda law and here was one that was just like it."

In particular, he recalls, the Vermont law was liberal in the area of investments. "And so at the last minute we switched," he says. "We decided to move to Vermont."

Roger Phelps was named general manager of Three Rivers, which became the eighth captive in Vermont. "Roger moved up here in 1983 and we started doing business at that time," he says. "We moved people up there starting in 1983, unlike a lot of captives who hire managers to take care of all their affairs."

In the late '80s, Alcoa moved its holding companies from Delaware to Vermont as well. "We decided we'd consolidate the captive insurance company operation and Alcoa's holding company operation," he recalls. At first, the thought was to move the captive to Delaware, but Delaware didn't have a captive insurance law. "Might be easier to move the holding companies to Vermont," they figured, and that's what happened.

Phelps worked with the legislature and got a holding company law passed in Vermont. With the consolidation in Burlington, extra help was needed and so Wilson moved there, among others.

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Wilson says the decision was made to domicile the captive in Vermont "because the law was so much more favorable to us." What was particularly attractive was that there were fewer restrictions on where you could invest your captive's money. "We liked that, and we liked the fact that it was Bermuda law. We were very comfortable living under the Bermuda law. There was very little risk in Vermont because it was law you were very familiar with."

Today, Alcoa is growing its captive business, having added another, the St. George Insurance Company, with its acquisition of the Reynolds Metals Company. "At first we were going to consolidate the two, but then decided we liked having both captives at least for now," he says.

"We've been expanding the role of our captives through the hard market. We've been taking higher and higher retentions. We like taking our own risks. And now Alcoa has applied for and has received permission to use its captive for insuring domestic employee benefits."

Going forward, says Wilson, there are several projects, like international employee benefits, insuring employee homes and autos, and a credit insurance program. "We've still got things on the plate," he says.

Elixir Industries found a home in Vermont in 1982, even before Alcoa. Lea Gerber, director of risk management and employee benefits there since 1985, recalls how Elixir made its way to the Green Mountain State.

The reason Elixir formed a captive, Garden Insurance Co., she explains, is because in the late '70s the insurance market constricted and premiums rose, most especially for product liability placements, but also for general liability, workers' comp and auto.

"It was the second captive in the state and is actually the longest operating because the No. 1 captive stopped using the Vermont facility, though I understand they've since picked it up again."

Elixir was familiar with captives before setting up shop in Vermont. "We started our first captive in Colorado in the late '70s," says Gerber. "As we moved into the '80s, a management decision was made to start a second captive in Vermont, because they allowed you to place outside business, whereas Colorado did not."

The favorable regulatory environment eventually led the company to transfer its entire captive operation to Vermont. Capitalizing on Vermont's liberal laws with regard to outside business, the company set up an insurance agency in California for that purpose.

Agents in California placed coverage through Garden Insurance Co., the Vermont captive, for companies not related to Elixir.