The status of female leadership: by the numbers - Special report: women in higher education - Illustration - Statistical Data Included
Black Issues in Higher Education, March 28, 2002
African American, Caucasian and Hispanic
Presidents by Sex: 1986 and 1998
1986 1998
Men Women Men Women
African American 92.6% 7.4% 74.3% 25.7%
(113) (9) (110) (38)
Caucasian 90.7% 9.3% 81.2% 18.8%
(2,073) (210) (1,686) (391)
Hispanic 78.2% 21.8% 75.7% 24.3%
(43) (12) (56) (18)
Note: Tables made from a pie chart.
SOURCE: AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION -- THE AMERICAN COLLEGE
PRESIDENT: 2000 EDITION
College and University Chief Executive
Officers, by Institutional Type
Race/Ethnicity and Gender: 2000
All Institutions 2-yr Institutions 4-yr Institutions
Total Percent Total Percent Total Percent
Total
CEOs 3,070 100.0% 1,131 100.0% 1,939 100.0%
Women 616 20.1% 273 24.1% 343 17.7%
Men 2,454 79.9% 858 75.9% 1,596 82.3%
White CEOs (a)
Women (b) 509 82.6% 216 79.1% 293 85.4%
Men (c) 1,980 80.7% 679 79.1% 1,301 81.5%
Total 2,489 81.1% 895 79.1% 1,594 82.2%
Total Minority CEOs
Women 97 15.7% 49 17.9% 48 14.0%
Men 248 10.1% 79 9.2% 169 10.6%
Total 345 11.2% 128 11.3% 217 11.2%
African American CEOs
Women 50 8.1% 25 9.2% 25 7.3%
Men 136 5.5% 33 3.8% 103 6.5%
Total 186 6.1% 58 5.1% 128 6.6%
Hispanic CEOs (d)
Women 35 5.7% 15 5.5% 20 5.8%
Men 83 3.4% 31 3.6% 52 3.3%
Total 118 3.8% 46 4.1% 72 3.7%
Asian American CEOs
Women 6 1.0% 5 1.8% 1 0.3%
Men 15 0.6% 5 6.0% 10 0.6%
Total 21 0.7% 10 0.9% 11 0.6%
American Indian CEOs
Women 6 1.0% 4 1.5% 2 0.6%
Men 14 0.6% 10 1.2% 4 0.3%
Total 20 0.7% 14 1.2% 6 0.3%
Unknown Ethnicity CEOs
Women 10 1.6% 8 2.9% 2 0.6%
Men 226 9.2% 100 11.7% 126 7.9%
Total 236 7.7% 108 9.5% 128 6.6%
(a) = CEOs IN THIS GROUP AS A PERCENTAGE OF ALL CEOs THAT YEAR
(b) = CEOs WHO ARE WOMEN IN THIS GROUP AS A PERCENTAGE OF ALL WOMEN
CEOs THAT YEAR
(c) = CEOs WHO ARE MEN IN THIS GROUP AS A PERCENTAGE OF ALL MEN CEOs
THAT YEAR
(d) = THIS TOTAL INCLUDES THE CEOs THAT HEAD 41 PUERTO RICAN
INSTITUTIONS. CONSEQUENTLY, 77 HISPANIC CEOs HEAD TWO AND FOUR-YEAR
REGIONALLY ACCREDITED INSTITUTIONS ON THE MAINLAND.
NOTES: FIGURES INCLUDE CEOs OF REGIONALLY ACCREDITED DEGREE-GRANTING
INSTITUTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES OR ITS OUTLAYING AREAS (E.G., PUERTO
RICO). THE TERM CEO IS DEFINED WITHIN THE AMERICAN COUNCIL ON
EDUCATION'S CORPORATE DATABASE AS THE PRESIDENT, CHANCELLOR,
SUPERINTENDENT, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, CAMPUS DEAN, ETC., INCLUDING
INTERIM/ACTING CEOs HEADING REGIONALLY ACCREDITED INSTITUTIONS,
BRANCHES AND AFFILIATES.
SOURCE: AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION CORPORATE DATABASE. TABLE 24.
NUMBERS COMPILED IN MAY 2000.
Degrees Earned by Women
Master's Doctoral
1970-71 1997-98 1970-71 1997-98
Total 40.1% 57.1% 14.3% 42.0%
Health Professionals
and Related Sciences 55.3 77.7 16.5 62.5
Education 56.2 76.4 21.0 63.2
Psychology 40.6 73.1 24.0 67.5
English Language
and Literature/Letters 60.6 66.1 28.8 59.1
Communications 34.6 61.3 13.1 52.4
Visual and Performing Arts 47.4 58.8 22.2 51.3
Biological/Life Sciences 33.6 52.4 16.3 42.5
Social Sciences and History 28.5 46.7 13.9 40.8
Business Management
and Administrative Services 3.9 38.6 2.8 31.4
Mathematics 27.1 41.0 7.6 25.7
Agriculture
and Natural Resources 5.9 43.0 2.9 28.5
Physical Sciences 13.3 35.9 5.6 25.2
Computer
and Information Sciences 10.3 29.0 2.3 16.3
Engineering 1.1 19.9 0.6 12.2
SOURCE: NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS -- THE CONDITION OF
EDUCATION 2001
Presidents by Sex and Marital Status,
by Percentage: 1998
Men Women
Married/Committed Partner 90% 57%
Divorced, Widowed 4% 24%
or Separated
Never Married 2% 12%
Never Married, 4% 8%
Religious Trained
Note: Table made from pie chart.
SOURCE: AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION -- THE AMERICAN COLLEGE
PRESIDENT: 2000 EDITION
Presidents by Sex and Institutional
Enrollment by Percent: 1998
Institutional Enrollment
Women Men
Fewer than
2,000 Students 42.0% 40.8%
2,001 to
5,000 Students 26.5% 27.8%
5,001
to 1O,O00 Students 16.4% 15.8%
More than
10,000 Students 15.1% 15.5%
Note: Table made from a bar graph.
SOURCE: AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION -- THE AMERICAN COLLEGE
PRESIDENT: 2000 EDITION
Presidents' Characteristics by Sex: 1998
Women Men
Minority 13.8% 10.7%
Currently married 56.8% 90.1%
Had doctoral degree 84.6% 79.4%
Had tenure as faculty
member in current position 28.4% 32.3%
Had tenure as faculty
member in immediate prior position 35.2% 37.3%
Had spent time outside job
market for personal/family reasons 18.8% 40.0%
Three most common prior positions:
1.) Chief academic officer 24.5% 19.0%
2.) Senior executive 22.7% 23.0%
3.) President/CEO 18.8% 26.6%
Presidents' top three fields of study:
1.) Education 47.3% 38.7%
2.) Humanities 18.3% 12.2%
3.) Social sciences 12.0% 12.4%
Age (in years) 56.4 57.9
Years in present job 5.6 7.3
Years in prior position 5.0 6.4
Years as full-time faculty 8.6 7.6
SOURCE: AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION -- THE AMERICAN COLLEGE
PRESIDENT: 2000 EDITION
Percent of Women Presidents by
Institutional Type: Selected Years,
1986 to 1998
1986 1990 1995 1998
Doctoral-granting 3.8% 5.6% 10.7% 13.2%
Master's 10.0% 12.0% 18.8% 18.7%
Baccalaureate 16.1% 17.5% 18.6% 20.4%
Two-year 7.9% 11.3% 17.4% 22.4%
Specialized 6.6% 7.8% 10.8% 14.8%
All Institutional Types 9.5% 11.8% 16.5% 19.3%
SOURCE: AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION -- THE AMERICAN COLLEGE
PRESIDENT: 2000 EDITION
1998 Presidencies
Women Men
African American 8.4% 5.8%
Asian American 0.7% 0.9%
Hispanic 4.0% 3.0%
American Indian 0.7% 1.0%
Caucasian 86.3% 89.3%
SOURCE: AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION -- THE AMERICAN
COLLEGE PRESIDENT: 2000 EDITION
Percentage of Female Compared to Male Full-Time
Instructional Faculty and Staff by Program Area
Percentage of Male/Female
Full-time by program
Male Female
All Program Area
in 4-Year Institution 67.0% 33.0%
Agriculture/Home Econ. 81.8% 18.2%
Business 73.2% 26.9%
Education 45.9% 54.1%
Engineering 90.8% 9.2%
Fine Arts 68.4% 31.6%
Health Sciences 57.5% 42.5%
Humanities 58.8% 41.2%
Natural Sciences 79.2% 20.8%
Social Sciences 69.7% 30.3%
All Other Fields 66.6% 33.4%
NOTES:
THIS TABLE INCLUDES ONLY FACULTY AND
STAFF WITH AT LEAST SOMR INSTRUCTIONAL
RESPONSIBILITIES FOR CREDIT.
PERCENTAGES MAY NOT TOTAL 100 BECAUSE
OF ROUNDING.
Note: Table made from a bar graph.
SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,
NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS,
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