Tick-borne encephalitis with hemorrhagic syndrome, Novosibirsk Region, Russia, 1999 - Dispatches

Emerging Infectious Diseases, June, 2003 by Vladimir A. Ternovoi, Gennady P. Kurzhukov, Yuri V. Sokolov, Gennady Y. Ivanov, Vladimir A. Ivanisenko, Alexander V. Loktev, Robert W. Ryder, Sergey V. Netesov, Valery B. Loktev

Eight fatal cases of tick-borne encephalitis with an unusual hemorrhagic syndrome were identified in 1999 in the Novosibirsk Region, Russia. To study these strains, we sequenced cDNA fragments of protein E gene from six archival formalin-fixed brain samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed tick-borne encephalitis variants clustered with a Far Eastern subtype (homology 94.7%) but not with the Siberian subtype (82%).

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Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of many arthropod-borne viruses from genus Flavivirus (family: Flaviviridae) pathogenic to humans (1). Infection caused by TBEV is one of the most widespread natural foci infections in Russia; incidence varies from 5,593 to 10,298 cases annually and includes 89-166 deaths (2,3). The incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) increased sevenfold from 1974 to 1999 in Russia. The geographic distribution of the infection is uneven, with most illnesses occurring in the Siberian and Ural regions. In these regions, incidence is 10 to 30 times higher than in the Russian Far East region, where TBEV was discovered in 1937.

The major surface glycoprotein E is commonly used for studying phylogenetic relations of different TBEV strains. Analysis of the protein E sequence of 16 European and Asian TBEV strains showed clear segregation into three genetic subtypes, designated as European, Far Eastern, and Siberian (4). Genotyping of 75 TBEV strains typical for southern regions of Western Siberia showed that they differ considerably from European and Far Eastern strains (5-7). In reviewing published data, we found no substantial changes in the E gene in the Siberian subtype in 1981 to 1992 (8).

Our study was performed in the Novosibirsk Region of Western Siberia, where 243 to 534 cases of TBE are reported annually. We investigated retrospectively the first reported cases of lethal TBEV infection with hemorrhagic syndrome by using archival histologic samples. To determine the TBEV genotype that probably caused the hemorrhagic form of the infection, we sequenced eDNA fragments of protein E gene. We found that the TBEV strains that most likely caused the infection with hemorrhagic syndrome also carry unique mutations in protein E and belong to the Far Eastern genomic subtype.

The Study

In 1999, a total of 447 TBE cases confirmed by enzyme immunoassay were reported in Novosibirsk Region (Figure 1). Nine (2.0%) patients died; 72.9% of cases occurred in the city of Novosibirsk or its suburbs. The deaths of eight of these patients were associated with a pronounced hemorrhagic syndrome; symptoms included massive gastrointestinal bleedings and multiple hemorrhages in mucosa and internal organs. Four of the patients who died resided in the Toguchin District; the remainder lived in districts located near Novosibirsk (Figure 1). A total of 371 and 358 cases of TBEV infection confirmed by enzyme immunoassay and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were reported in 2000 and 2001, respectively. In 2001, the mortality rate increased to 3.6%. Surveillance for TBEV during the summers of 2000 and 2001 identified no new cases of TBE with the hemorrhagic syndrome. This lack might be ascribed to the decrease in TBE incidence during this period, the change in the circulation of TBEV strains, and an unusual weather pattern during May and June.

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We found no published reports describing a hemorrhagic disease caused by TBEV, although hemorrhagic manifestation is typical for tick-borne flaviviruses, including Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV), Alkhurma virus, and Kyasanur Forest disease virus (9). Cases of OHFV occur occasionally in the Novosibirsk Region. Most cases result from the direct contact of a human with a muskrat, which was introduced in Siberia in 1928 (10,11), and most occur in the Ust' Tarka District (Figure 1), located on the western border of the Novosibirsk Region (12). We found that hemorrhagic TBE emerged in the Toguchin district, located on the eastern border of the Novosibirsk Region, approximately 500 km from the Ust' Tarka District. We found no cases of TBE in the central districts of the Novosibirsk Region, where the lakes and marshes make an unfavorable environment for the spread of this virus. The discovery of hemorrhagic TBE in the eastern part of the Novosibirsk Region is probably not related to the OHFV found in the far western part of the region.

By reviewing all available medical records, we retrospectively analyzed the eight cases of fatal hemorrhagic TBE infection. Diagnoses were confirmed serologically by testing for specific antiviral immunoglobulin M antibodies. All cases occurred in June and July 1999 after patients were bitten by ticks; the latent period was from 5 to 26 days (average 12.8). The ages of the patients ranged from 44 to 69 years. Disease onset included typical TBE clinical symptoms such as fever, myalgia, and malaise, followed by pronounced viral encephalitis accompanied by loss of consciousness, pareses, and paralyses. Hemorrhagic symptoms developed as massive gastrointestinal bleeding and local hemorrhages on mucosa and skin. The first sign of the hemorrhagic syndrome was erythrocytes in urine on day 7 of the infection, which is not usual for TBE infection. Common central nervous system manifestations occurred 3 days later. Patients died 2-3 days after the massive hemorrhagic syndrome developed, despite intensive treatment. The average time of death was 16 days after illness onset. Autopsies showed the pronounced hemorrhagic syndrome and viral encephalitis. Our retrospective screening of medical records from 1999 did not produce any evidence of a milder hemorrhagic syndrome in the rest of the case-patients.