Bartonella henselae and domestic cats, Jamaica

Emerging Infectious Diseases, July, 2005 by Locksley L. McV. Messam, Rickie W. Kasten, Megan J. Ritchie, Bruno B. Chomel

To the Editor: Bartonella henselae has been isolated from domestic cats in most countries where it has been investigated (1), with the exception of some countries at northern latitudes, such as Norway (2). The prevalence of both bacteremia and seropositivity in cats is usually highest in warm and humid tropical countries. The worldwide distribution of cat scratch disease (CSD), a zoonotic disease caused mainly by the scratch of a B. hensela--infected cat, follows a similar pattern. Limited information is available about CSD in either humans or the feline reservoir in the Caribbean region.

In 1955, 3 febrile children (siblings) admitted to a hospital in Havana, Cuba, were diagnosed with CSD based on their symptoms and the positive results of intradermal tests using the Foshay antigen (3). The results of the bacteriologic examination, however, were negative. All 3 siblings had previous contact with a female cat and her 4 kittens. In 2003, Alvarez et al. (4) reported the case of a 13-year-old Cuban boy who was treated for symptoms compatible with CSD. However, no other information could be found in the scientific literature regarding the isolation of this bacterium from domestic cats in the Caribbean or seropositivity for B. henselae in humans or animals living in that region.

In the summer of 2003, an employee at a veterinary clinic in Kingston, Jamaica, was scratched and bitten on the hand by a cat. Fever and an enlarged axillary lymph node developed in the employee, and CSD was suspected. To confirm the clinical suspicion, and with the employee's permission, a serum sample was taken 7 weeks after the incident. Whole blood from the 62 remaining cats in the cattery was also collected into EDTA-containing tubes and stored at 4[degrees]C before being shipped to California for testing. The cat involved in the incident was not available for testing. The age of 63% of the cats ranged from 1 month to >5 years. Forty percent of the cats were formerly owned and put up for adoption and 16% of the cats were strays. The cat's origin was not recorded for the remaining 44% of the cats.

Upon reception at the laboratory, all cat blood samples were frozen at -70[degrees]C. They were subsequently thawed, and aliquot plated onto 5% rabbit blood-enriched agar and incubated at 37[degrees]C in 5% C[O.sub.2] for [less than or equal to] 4 weeks. The EDTA tube supernatant was serogically tested for B. henselae (mixed type I and type II antigens) by using a standard indirect immunofluorescence assay (5). The 62 blood samples were cultured and 12 (19.3%) cats were bacteremic for B. henselae. None of the cultures yielded B. clarridgeiae or B. koehlerae. Of the 12 bacteremic cats, 5 (42%) had positive cultures for B. henselae type Houston I, and 7 (58%) had positive cultures for B. henselae type Marseille, based on restriction fragment length polymorphism profile of the 16S rDNA, by using DdeI enzyme (6). The median number of CFUs was 385/mL (range 147-25,300). For the 5 cats infected with B. henselae type Houston I, the median was 259 (range 147-513) CFU/mL; for the 7 cats infected with B. henselae type Marseille, the median was 534 (range 174-25,300) CFU/mL. Of the 5 cats that were bacteremic for B. henselae Houston I, 2 were seronegative. Similarly, 2 of the 7 B. henselae type Marseille-bacteremic cats were seronegative. These 4 seronegative cats, 4-10 weeks old, were most likely in the early phase of bacteremia. None of the cats were co-infected with both subtypes. When a titer of [greater than or equal to]1:64 was used, 37 (60%) cats were seropositive for B. henselae. Their age ranged from a few weeks to >5 years old (median 11 months), including 7 cats that were <6 months old. The employee's B. henselae titer was 1:64.

These results constitute the first report originating from the Caribbean region of B. henselae isolation from domestic cats, as well as confirming seropositivity in a human, despite a low titer. Because we were not able to obtain a blood sample from the suspect animal, we cannot prove that this cat was the source of the employee's infection. Nevertheless, this study confirms the existence of both B. henselae types I and II in Jamaica, even if no specific conclusions can be drawn with regard to their relative prevalence.

The Caribbean has the highest incidence of HIV/AIDS outside of sub-Saharan Africa, with Jamaica having a HIV prevalence of 1.2% (range 0.6%-2.2%) for persons 15-49 years of age (7). As B. henselae is known to cause bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis in immunocompromised persons, knowledge of its presence in the Jamaican cat population is important for primary prevention. Unfortunately, diagnostic tests for B. henselae are not currently available on the island.

Acknowledgments

We thank Lenworth Jackson for facilitating the collection of the human serum sample.

Locksley L. McV. Messam, * Rickie W. Kasten, * Megan J. Ritchie, ([dagger]) and Bruno B. Chomel *

* University of California, Davis, California, USA; and ([dagger]) Jamaica Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Kingston, Jamaica

References

(1.) Chomel BB, Boulouis HJ, Breitschwerdt EB. Cat scratch disease and other zoonotic Bartonella infections. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;224:1270-9.

(2.) Bergh K, Bevanger L, Hanssen I, Loseth K. Low prevalence of Bartonella henselae infections in Norwegian domestic and feral cats. APM1S. 2002;110:309-14.

(3.) Valledor T, Exposito L, Borbolla L, Guerra Chabua A, Garcia Palacios A. Enfermedad pot aranazo de gato. Una epidemia familiar in tres hermanos: Primeras observaciones reportados en Cuba. Rev Cubana Pediatr. 1955;27:125-42.

(4.) Alvarez Lam I, Ponce Bittar J, Silva R. Enfermedad por aranazo de gato: Presentacion de un caso. Rev Cubana Pediatr. [serial on the Internet]. 2003 Oct-Dic [cited 2005 Jan 4]. Available from http://scieloprueba.sld.cu/ scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-75312003000 400010&1ng=es&nrm=iso

(5.) Chomel BB, Abbott RC, Kasten RW, Floyd-Hawkins KA, Kass PH, Glaser CA, et al. Bartonella henselae prevalence in domestic cats in California: risk factors and association between bacteremia and antibody titers. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:2445-50.

(6.) Dillon B, Iredell J. Ddel RFLP for 16S rDNA typing in Bartonella henselae. J Med Microbiol. 2004;53:1263-5.

(7.) Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS. UNAIDS 2004 Report on the global AIDS epidemic 2004. Table of country-specific HIV/AIDS estimates and data, end 2003. p. 15 [cited 2005 Jan 25]. Available from http://www.unaids.org/ bangkok2004/GAR2004_pdf/GAR2004_ta ble_countryestimates_en.pdf

Address for correspondence: Bruno B. Chomel, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; fax: 530-752-2377; email: bbchomel@ ucdavis.edu