Lighter-than-air Force - Aerostat radar balloons

Airman, March, 2001 by John B. Dendy IV

Aerostats positioned 10,000 feet over America's Southern border provide effective intrusion alarms

Hey, hey hey, drug smugglers. Say "hi" to Fat Alberts -- burly remote-controlled balloons officially known as the tethered Aerostat Radar Systems.

Aerostats perform very unusual and highly sensitive communications duties for elite government law enforcement and broadcasting organizations in situations where no other practical way to do a job exists.

Like a flying intrusion detector, 11 aerostats with inboard radars troll for drug-hauling aircraft, along an arc that stretches from Puerto Rico to Yuma, Ariz. In the early 1990s, one aerostat started flying the powerful antenna for a Voice of America-like TV station, TV Marti. The daily broadcasts show and tell the people of Cuba what their strongman doesn't want them to know.

Aerostats are packed to their fins with special radar payloads that would have mere hot air balloons, airships or blimps hissing with envy. Airmen -- retired and active-duty -- are involved. A contracted team of 30 people runs each radar site. Pairs of ground radar airmen visit those outposts for quality assurance. A few calibrate the sensitive onboard gear each year.

Those airmen nurture the future of counterdrug aviation's front line in the United States. America's current 12-ship aerostat force runs on gasoline, helium and oxygen to stay aloft. There are three sizes of aerostats, but soon there will only be one, because payload sizes have shrunk. Expect each of today's federal aerostats to be twice as big as a Goodyear blimp within five years.

The current Fat Alberts use 275,000 to 590,000 cubic feet of helium. The 420,000 size will be the norm, said retired Chief Master Sgt. Stan Zduniak, the tethered aerostat radar system program manager. He and most of the military team work for the Air Combat Command Program Management Squadron, Newport News, Va.

Most balloons "hang around" for five years. When the TV Marti aerostat was replaced last year, a quality assurance team accompanied retired Chief Master Sgt. Mike Pallone, director of engineering and technical operations, Office of Cuba Broadcasting, to view the new aerostat at Tethered Communications in Elizabeth City, N.C.

Fat Alberts come to life -- thanks to laser cutting and chemical bonding processes -- on the spacious production floors there or at ILC Dover, in Dover, Del. The newest aerostat is up and running fine, Pallone said.

Airborne intrusion system

The Treasury, Justice, Transportation and Defense departments' ability to deter drug cargo smugglers depends on an airborne intrusion system. Since America's southern flank isn't exactly endowed with high-altitude peaks to place such radars on, hovering aerostats with onboard radar do the job.

Fat Albert's radars work with fixed-wing aircraft radar, to show the threats in North America's skies. Airmen and federal agents use the live radar data feed to distinguish airborne drug planes from the clutter of daily air traffic headed for America from the south.

The sum of those sensor warnings translates into a call for U.S. Customs, Border Patrol, Coast Guard or Air Force aircraft to meet airborne threats that inevitably turn up onscreen. Examples of threats range from Payne Stewart's ill-fated jet, to pilots making airdrops and strange stops under falsified flight plans.

Federal responders include the Florida Air National Guard's F-15 fighter airmen, on air defense alert duty at Homestead Air Reserve Base near Miami [see "FANGS Bared," December 1999].

Our man at TV Marti

The TV Marti program that beams into Cuba is the only part of the government broadcast portfolio that requires help from an aerostat. The station's original single-channel antenna went "up in the air" on a Fat Albert in 1992, Pallone recalls from his compound at the Office of Cuba Broadcasting in Miami.

"Our mandate is telling the people of Cuba what their government won't tell them," he said. Then he detailed how the federal government came to broadcast his station's programming from mangroves in Florida into Cuba, from a big balloon.

Intrepid staffers at the now-defunct U.S. Information Agency examined their options with Pallone, the man hired to mastermind the technical sides of their TV station. Mounting the TV antenna on a plane or a boat was outmoded. It would be pricey and place people in harm's way. Fat Albert provided them with a technical solution.

"To obtain a line-of-sight signal into Cuba, I would need a 10,000-foot tower stand. The guy wires would stretch several miles in three directions," Pallone said. "That's not practical, so we fly at 10,000 feet and put our signal into the center of Havana."

The TV Marti signal is unconventional. Information now rains down into Cuba on three channels. Since the balloon moves like a kite at 10,000 feet, the payload compensates by panning its TV beam to lock on the target. The combination of Fat Albert, three channels and herky-jerky movement has Castro's jammers gagging to stop the truth from connecting with viewers.