The market and the monsoon - India

New Internationalist, Jan-Feb, 2003 by Katharine Ainger

Mr Rao says: 'I won't plant Bt cotton again.'

PART 2: Crops of truth

The dryland Deccan plateau possesses an unearthly beauty - and the earthly knowledge of some of India's most disregarded people living on some of its most impoverished land.

LAKSHMAMMA squats on the floor of her house sifting deep, black soil in a shallow tin basin. She reaches for a basket full of seeds, takes a cluster and mixes them in. Through her long fingers fall clumps of rich loam and tiny, glistening seeds. Then, slowly, she decorates the whole with already-drooping yellow flowers and lights an earthen lamp.

This is her puja, or worship as part of the Dasara festival -- one of the most important in the Hindu calendar.

'I take nine varieties of seed and mix them into the soil,' she tells me. She will spend the next five days watching them gently push up through the soil. This intimate ritual is both an act of worship and an experiment in agronomy. When she emerges she'll be visited by other women who will discuss which seeds grow best and decide what they should plant for the winter harvest.

Her daughter, also called Lakshmamma, seats us on her wide porch. She goes in and out of the house bringing us multicoloured clay pots of seed until half the porch is covered with them.

She is beautiful, with a wide, strong, intelligent face and a powerful presence. Her husband and son left years ago -- now it's just her and her mother, rural dalit (lowest caste) women living on the Deccan plateau, one of the most drought-prone and poorest districts in the whole of India. That's just about the lowest status that a person can have in this society.

'I began collecting seed seven years ago,' says daughter Lakshmamma. 'I collected 83 varieties of local seed from my neighbours, my friends -- whenever I found a new variety I collected it. There were 10 varieties in particular that I made it a point to collect, because they weren't available anywhere else. They were becoming extinct. When someone comes to me for seed, I give them a pot and when they replace it they give me two pots.'

Guardian of seeds

Daughter Lakshmamma has a leadership role in the community as a laboratory scientist and guardian of seeds. She's travelled as far as London and Peru and been visited by Swaminathan, India's top agricultural scientist.

She's also a member of the Deccan Development Society, an association of about 5,000 dalit women in the Medak district of Andhra Pradesh. This is a grassroots organization working with women's sanghams, or voluntary associations of the poor, in 75 villages, promoting food security, biodiversity, welfare and, crucially, democracy.

I'm struck by the difference in atmosphere between this porch and the one filled with desperate farmers in Warangal. The topsoil here is just 2-3 centimetres thick, far worse than the 12-30 centimetres that is the norm in Warangal. 'What about the drought?' I ask. 'How has it affected the 'harvests here?'

At first she doesn't understand the question. Growing mixed and traditional crops, the harvests are staggered. One crop might fail, but another will survive -- there are heartbreaks here too, but no single moment of crisis, as with a monocultural cash crop.