Infant sleep and the quality of family life for first-time parents of three-month-old infants

Table 1

Means and Standard Deviations for the Research Variables

                               Mothers        Fathers
                                M (SD)         M (SD)

Depression                     8.0 (5.0) *     5.4 (4.5) *
Parenting stress              38.8 (10.8)     36.6 (9.7)
Infant negativity             19.3 (5.2)      19.9 (4.7)
Marital satisfaction         119.5 (11.2)    118.3 (11.9)
Overall family functioning    1.50 (.36) *    1.60 (.39) *

* p < .05.

Table 2

Correlations between Infant Sleep Duration and Parent Variables

                                      1.        2.        3.

 1. Sleep duration
 2. Father's stress                 -.34 **
 3. Father's depression             -.09       .15
 4. Father's infant negativity      -.37 **    .41 **    .14
 5. Father's marital satisfaction    .12      -.34 **   -.40 **
 6. Father's family functioning     -.24 *     .36 **    .37 **
 7. Mother's stress                 -.01       .44 **    .20
 8. Mother's depression             -.03       .16       .46 **
 9. Mother's infant negativity      -.24 *     .28 *     .25 *
10. Mother's marital satisfaction   -.03      -.32 **   -.34 **
11. Mother's family functioning     -.09       .48 **    .24 *

                                      4.        5.        6.

 1. Sleep duration
 2. Father's stress
 3. Father's depression
 4. Father's infant negativity
 5. Father's marital satisfaction   -.35 **
 6. Father's family functioning      .39 **   -.73 **
 7. Mother's stress                  .39 **   -.31 **    .33 **
 8. Mother's depression              .29 *    -.45 **    .35 **
 9. Mother's infant negativity       .64 **   -.39 **    .48 **
10. Mother's marital satisfaction   -.27 *     .77 **   -.55 **
11. Mother's family functioning      .34 **   -.58 **    .55 **

                                      7.        8.        9.

 1. Sleep duration
 2. Father's stress
 3. Father's depression
 4. Father's infant negativity
 5. Father's marital satisfaction
 6. Father's family functioning
 7. Mother's stress
 8. Mother's depression              .44 **
 9. Mother's infant negativity       .42 **    .25 *
10. Mother's marital satisfaction   -.31 **   -.50 **   -.41 **
11. Mother's family functioning      .43 **    .53 **    .41 **

                                      10.

 1. Sleep duration
 2. Father's stress
 3. Father's depression
 4. Father's infant negativity
 5. Father's marital satisfaction
 6. Father's family functioning
 7. Mother's stress
 8. Mother's depression
 9. Mother's infant negativity
10. Mother's marital satisfaction
11. Mother's family functioning     -.72 **

* p <.05. ** p <.01.

Table 3

Bivariate Correlations between Variables Used in Regression Analyses

                                   1.        2.        3.        4.

 1. Sleep duration
 2. Father's age                 -.15
 3. Father's education           -.09       .21
 4. Father's infant negativity   -.37 **   -.16       .04
 5. Father's PFI                 -.33 **   -.17       .00       .40 **
 6. Father's RFI                  .21       .08       .05      -.40 **
 7. Mother's age                 -.15       .82 **    .24 *    -.17
 8. Mother's education           -.20       .26 **    .50 **    .13
 9. Mother's infant negativity   -.24 *    -.16      -.03       .64 **
10. Mother's PFI                 -.01      -.23      -.14       .41 **
11. Mother's RFI                  .05       .06       .04      -.34 **

                                   5.        6.        7.        8.

 1. Sleep duration
 2. Father's age
 3. Father's education
 4. Father's infant negativity
 5. Father's PFI
 6. Father's RFI                 -.49 **
 7. Mother's age                 -.15       .08
 8. Mother's education           -.16       .03       .42 **
 9. Mother's infant negativity    .36 **   -.48 **   -.15       .07
10. Mother's PFI                  .48 **   -.42 **   -.31 **   -.12
11. Mother's RFI                 -.50 **    .66 **    .12       .03

                                   9.        10.

 1. Sleep duration
 2. Father's age
 3. Father's education
 4. Father's infant negativity
 5. Father's PFI
 6. Father's RFI
 7. Mother's age
 8. Mother's education
 9. Mother's infant negativity
10. Mother's PFI                  .43 **
11. Mother's RFI                 -.44 **   -.53 **

* p < .05. ** p < .01.

Table 4

Multiple Regression Analyses Assessing the Relationship between
Parents' Psychological Functioning and Infant Sleep Duration

                                         Fathers

Step / Variable         B     SE B   [beta]    [R.sup.2]     F for
                                               increase     [DELTA]
                                                           [R.sup.2]

Step 1                                            .03       1.02
  Age                 -.033   .02    -.18
  Education level      .029   .13     .03

Step 2                                            .22      17.70 ***
  Opposite sex PFI      .42   .10     .47 ***

Step 3                                            .05       4.43 *
  Infant negativity    .061   .03     .25 *

Step 4                                            .07       7.03 *
  Infant sleep         -.16   .06    -.31 *

                                         Mothers

Step / Variable         B     SE B   [beta]    [R.sup.2]     F for
                                               increase     [DELTA]
                                                           [R.sup.2]

Step 1                                            .09       3.33 *
  Age                 -.075   .03    -.31
  Education level      .017   .17     .01

Step 2                                            .20      17.54 ***
  Opposite sex PFI      .51   .12     .45 ***

Step 3                                            .06       5.97 *
  Infant negativity    .068   .03     .27 *

Step 4                                            .02       2.01
  Infant sleep         .095   .07     .16

Note. For both mothers and fathers, final [R.sup.2] = .37;
final adjusted [R.sup.] = .32

* p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p < .001.

Table 5

Multiple Regression Analysis Assessing the Relationship between
Parents Relational Functioning and Infant Sleep Duration

                                         Fathers

                        B     SE B   [beta]    [R.sup.2]     F for
                                               increase     [DELTA]
                                                           [R.sup.2]

Step / Variable

Step 1                                            .01        .26
  Age                  .018   .03     .08
  Education level      .025   .16     .02

Step 2                                            .42      49.21 ***
  Opposite sex RFI      .65   .09     .65 ***

Step 3                                            .03       4.33 *
  Infant negativity    -.06   .03    -.20 *

Step 4                                            .01       1.76
  Infant sleep         .082   .06     .13

                                         Mothers

                         B    SE B   [beta]    [R.sup.2]     F for
                                               increase     [DELTA]
                                                           [R.sup.2]

Step / Variable

Step 1                                            .02        .51
  Age                  .034   .03     .13
  Education level     -.030   .18    -.02

Step 2                                            .42      51.72 ***
  Opposite sex RFI      .65   .09     .65 ***

Step 3                                            .02       2.01
  Infant negativity    -.04   .03    -.15

Step 4                                            .01       1.32
  Infant sleep        -.068   .06    -.11

Note. For fathers, final [R.sup.2] = .47 and final adjusted
[R.sup.2] = .44; for mothers, [R.sup.2] = .47 and final adjusted
[R.sup.2] = .43

* p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p < .001.

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