Computer manufacturing: change and competition

Monthly Labor Review, August, 1996 by Jacqueline Warnke

(4) Tom Masloski, "Accounting methods altered in mid-19th century," Crains Chicago Business, June 23, 1986, p. T6.

(5) Todd Olsen, "From dots and dashes to digital; telecommunications technology," Scholastic Update, Sept. 2. 1994, p. 16.

(6) The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)is the statistical classification standard underlying all Federal establishment-based data. For more information, see Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987 (Washington, DC, Office of Management and Budget).

(7) U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1994 Annual Survey of Manufacturers.

(8) Ibid.

(9) Randall L. Tobias, "Telecommunications in the 1990's," Business Horizons, January 1990, p. 81.

(10) U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

(11) The following section on major computer types was obtained from Juliussen and others, Computer Industry Almanac, p. 317.

(12) Tom Adams "Processing Power," PC Graphics & Video, May 1995, p. 24.

(13) Adams, PC Graphics & Video.

(14) For more information on the semiconductor industry, see Francisco A. Moris, "Semiconductors: the building blocks of the information revolution," pp. 6-17 in this issue.

(15) Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index. The "All Items index" was recalculated on basis of 1988=100 for purposes of comparison.

(16) Jeff Moad, "Mainframe vendors hard hit," Datamation, June 15, 1994, p. 49.

(17) Martin Walker, "Dumbsizers take the shirt off your back," The Observer May 19, 1996, p. 6.

(18) Moad, Datamation.

(19) Electronic Market Data Book (Electronic Industries Association, 1995), p. 62.

(20) "Electronics set to explode in mass market; consumer electronics sales," Discount Store News, Oct. 2, 1995, p. 21.

(21) David Robinson, "Barrister ekes out $4,000 profit," The Buffalo News, Aug. 4, 1995, p. 7b.

(22) For more information about computer software, see Laura A. Freeman, "Job creation and the emerging home computer market," pp. 46-56 in this issue; and for computer services, see William Goodman, "The software and engineering industries: threatened by technological change?" pp. 37-45 in this issue.

(23) Alan Cane, "Survey of Computers in Manufacturing" Financial Times, Sept. 24, 1992.

(24) Ibid.

(25) Ibid.

(26) U.S. Industrial Outlook (U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, January 1994)

(27) U.S. Global Trade Outlook: 1995-2000: Toward The 21st Century (U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, March 1995), p. 120.

(28) Ibid., p. 123.

(29) Ibid.

(30) Ibid.

(31) Ibid.

(32) "North American Companies Explain Why Scotland is an Excellent Manufacturing Location," PR Newswire, Nov. 1, 1994.

(33) Ibid.

(34) U.S. Global Trade Outlook, p. 124.

(35) Ira Sager and Amy Cortese, "At IBM, the great shrink-down may be over," Business Week, Sept. 25, 1995, p. 58.

(36) James Aley, "Where the jobs are," Fortune, Sept. 18, 1995, p. 53.

(37) This and the following data on research and development funds are from Research and Development in Industry: 1991 Bulletin NSF 94-325 (Washington, DC, National Science Foundation Jan. 1992). Base is all companies that spend $1 million annually on research and development.