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16th century AD
Journal of Social History, Winter, 1997 by Kevin C. Robbins
34. See Archives Departementales de la Loire, Series B 1277 (1658). See also Alice Taverne and Robert Bouiller, "Medicine populaire et sorcellerie en roannais et forez," Cahiers du musee forezien, 3 (1976): 35-39.
35. Thiers, Traite des superstitions, vol. 4, 576.
36. Sebillot, Le folklore de France, vol. 3, 456.
37. Arnold Van Gennep, Manuel de folklore francais contemporain, vol. 1, part 2 (Paris, 1937-1958), 459.
38. Lamontellerie, "Carte mythologique," 52-53 and n. 1, 53.
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39. On the greater ordinary social freedoms of French women in southwestern parts of the country and on the ways such liberties made them more vulnerable to persecution as witches, see Joseph Klaits, Servants of Satan: The Age of the Witch Hunts (Bloomington, IN, 1985), 70. See also Gerhild Scholz Williams, Defining Dominion: The Discourses of Magic and Witchcraft in Early Modern France and Germany (Ann Arbor, 1995), 89-115, especially 113-114 on mounting accusations of witchcraft made by secular and sacred authorities against the "half-year wives" of mariners and shepherds, workingmen often absent for long periods from southwestern French communities on shore and slope.
40. Judith Devlin, The Superstitious Mind: French Peasants and the Supernatural in the Nineteenth Century (New Haven, 1987), 4-6, notes that local nineteenth-century erudits surveying the incidence of magical beliefs among the populations of Herault (region of Montpellier) were surprised to discover that coastal communities, although more proximate to cosmopolitan networks of education and communication, displayed more extensive credence in folk magics than less accessible inland settlements. Ancient displacements of male laborers and attendant demographic tensions between laity and clergy on the littoral may have left their mark on local belief systems well into the French industrial age.
41. See Archives Departementales de la Charente-Maritime (henceforward ADCM) Series I, Protestant etat civil, 1-2; and BMLR, MS 97, 5-6. The social composition of Calvinist consistories in other French Reformed towns was significantly more diverse than in La Rochelle, see J. Estebe and B. Vogler, "La genese d'une societe protestante: etude comparee de quelques registres consistoriaux Languedociens et Palatins vers 1600," Annales E.S.C. 31 (1976): 362-388. For more detailed description of the Reformation's sociopolitical history in La Rochelle see my book City on the Ocean Sea: La Rochelle 1530-1650. Urban Society, Religion, and Politics on the French Atlantic Frontier (Leiden, forthcoming).
42. BMLR, MS 150, fol. 20.
43. Jacques Merlin, "Diaire ou recueil des choses plus memorables qui se sont passees en ceste ville," BMLR, MS 161, fol. 242r.
44. See my recent article on this uprising, "The Social Mechanisms of Urban Rebellion: A Case Study of Leadership in the 1614 Revolt at La Rochelle," French Historical Studies 19, no. 2 (1995): 559-590.
45. Merlin, "Diaire," fols. 236r-239v.
46. See the unique copy of the original edition, Bibliotheque Nationale, Res. D2 13667. For reasons to be explained below, this text will henceforward be cited in this article as: Hesnard, Traite.
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