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Who were the evangelicals?: conservative and liberal identity in the Unitarian controversy in Boston, 1804-1833 - Massachusetts
Journal of Social History, Winter, 1997 by Mary Kupiec Cayton
Department of History Oxford, ON 45056
ENDNOTES
The author would like to thank Peter Williams and Andrew Cayton for suggestions and comments, as well as the participants in the American Studies seminar at the University of Bogazici, Istanbul, at which an earlier version of this paper was delivered. The University Professors Program of Boston University helped to fund the research for this essay, and the author thanks them as well.
1. Neither of these descriptions, of course, is mutually exclusive. See Mary E Ryan, Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida Country, New York, 1790-1865 (Cambridge, 1981); and Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837 (New York, 1978).
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2. Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-1846 (New York, 1991), 214. See also Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860 (Ithaca, 1990), 116, 209; John L. Brooke, The Heart of t he Commonwealth: Society and Political Culture in Worcester County, Massachusetts, 1713-1861 (Cambridge, 1989), 239; Randolph A. Roth, The Democratic Dilemma: Religion, Reform, and the Social Order in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont, 1791-1850 (Cambridge, 1987), 92-98; and Robert H. Abzug, Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination (New York, 1994), 30-56.
3. Curtis D. Johnson, Islands of Holiness: Rural Religion in Upstate New York, 1790-1860 (Ithaca, 1989), 171-174.
4. The literature on the Congregationalist-Unitarian split, also known as the Unitarian controversy, is vast, in part because the parties who were involved were particularly literate and publishing groups who left a vast written record of their disputes. Some of it deals with the controversy itself, and some with the histories of Congregationalism and Unitarianism as distinct denominations. The most important secondary sources dealing with their parting of the ways include George Ellis, Half-Century of the Unitarian Controversy (Boston, 1857); Earl Morris Wilbur, History of Unitarianism, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1945, 1952); Conrad Wright, The Liberal Christians: Essays on American Unitarian History (Boston, 1970), The Beginnings of Unitarianism in America (Boston, 1955), and, as editor, A Stream of Light: A Sesquicentennial History of American Unitarianism (Boston, 1975); Sydney E. Ahlstrom and Jonathan S. Carey, eds., An American Reformation: A Documentary History of Unitarian Christianity (Middletown CT, 1985); Conrad Wright, The Unitarian Controversy: Essays on American Unitarian History (Boston, 1994); Conrad Edick Wright, ed., American Unitarianism, 1805-1865 (Boston, 1989); Jacob C. Meyer, Church and State in Massachusetts from 1740 to 1833: A Chapter in the History of the Development of Individual Freedom (Cleveland, 1930); Joseph W. Phillips, Jedidiah Morse and New England Congregationalism (New Brunswick NJ, 1983). For brief treatments of Congregationalism and Unitarianism respectively during this period, see Mary K. Cayton, "Congregationalism from Independence to the Present," and Peter W. Williams, "Unitarianism and Universalism," both in Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, I (New York, 1988), I, 481-498 and 579-594.
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