Ecological correlates of regional variation in life history of the moose Alces alces: comment - response to B.-E. Saether, Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 49, p. 977, 1985

Ecology, July, 1998 by Michel Crete

Bergstrom, R., and M. Vikberg. 1992. Winter browsing on pine and birch in relation to moose population density. Alces Supplement 1:127-131.

Caughley, G. 1976. Wildlife management and the dynamics of ungulate populations. Pages 183-246 in T. H. Coaker, editor. Applied biology. Volume 1. Academic Press, London, UK.

Cederlund, G., and G. Markgren. 1987. The development of the Swedish moose population, 1970-1983. Swedish Wildlife Research, Supplement 1:55-62.

Crete, M. 1987. The impact of sport hunting on North American moose. Swedish Wildlife Research Supplement 1:553-563.

-----. 1989. Approximation of K carrying capacity for moose in eastern Quebec. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: 373-390.

Crete, M., and R. Courtois. 1997. Limiting factors might obscure population regulation in unproductive boreal forests. Journal of Zoology 242:765-781.

Crete, M., S. Couturier, B. J. Hearn, and T. E. Chubbs. 1996. Relative contribution of decreased productivity and survival to recent changes in the demographic trend of the Riviere George Caribou Herd. Rangifer Special Issue 9: 27-36.

Fowler, C. W. 1981. Density dependence as related to life history strategy. Ecology 62:602-610.

Gasaway, W. C., R. D. Boertje, D. V. Grangaard, D. G. Kelleyhouse, R. O. Stephenson, and D. G. Larsen. 1992. The role of predation in limiting moose at low densities in Alaska and Yukon and implications for conservation. Wildlife Monographs 120: 1-59.

Haldane, J. B. S. 1956. The relationship between density regulation and natural selection. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B 145:306-308.

Hjeljord, O., B.-E. Saether, and R. Andersen. 1994. Estimating energy intake of free-ranging moose cows and calves through collection of feces. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 1409-1415.

Macnab, J. 1985. Carrying capacity and related slippery shibboleths. Wildlife Society Bulletin 13:403-410.

McLaren, B. E., and R. O. Peterson. 1994. Wolves, moose, and tree rings on Isle Royale. Science 266:1555-1558.

Messier, F. 1991. The significance of limiting and regulating factors on the demography of moose and white-tailed deer. Journal of Animal Ecology 60:377-393.

Messier, F., and M. Crete. 1985. Moose-wolf dynamics and the natural regulation of moose populations. Oecologia 65: 503-512.

Nelson, L. J., and J. M. Peek. 1982. Effect of survival and fecundity on rate of increase of elk. Journal of Wildlife Management 46:535-540.

Sand, H. 1996. Life history patterns in female moose (Alces alces): the relationship between age, body size, fecundity and environmental conditions. Oecologia 106:212-220.

Sand, H., G. Cederlund, and K. Danell. 1995. Geographical and latitudinal variation in growth patterns and adult body size of Swedish moose (Alces alces). Oecologia 102:433-442.

Saether, B.-E. 1985. Annual variation in carcass weight of Norwegian moose in relation to climate along a latitudinal gradient. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:977-983.

Saether, B.-E., R. Andersen, O. Hjeljord, and M. Heim. 1996. Ecological correlates of regional variation in life history of the moose Alces alces. Ecology 77:1493-1500.