Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act: before and after the USA Patriot Act - Legal Digest

FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin,The, June, 2003 by Michael J. Bulzomi

(21.) In re Sealed Case, 310 F.3d 717 (Foreign Intel. Surv. Ct. Rev., 2002).

(22.) Id. at 736.

(23.) Supra note 21 at 743.

(24.) Supra note 21 at 723; 50 U.S.C. [section] 1801(a)-(e).

(25.) Supra note 21 at 736.

(26.) Supra note 21 at 733; 50 U.S.C. [section] 1806(k).

(27.) 50 U.S.C. [section] 1801(b) distinguishing between agents of a foreign power who are U.S. persons and non-U.S. persons and setting out a somewhat higher standard for a U.S. person to be considered an agent of a foreign power; [section] 1801(e) setting Out a stricter definition of foreign intelligence information where U.S. persons are involved.

(28.) 50 U.S.C. [section] 1805(a)(3)(A); [section] 1824(a)(3)(A); [section] 1842(c)(2).

(29.) 50 U.S.C. [section] 1801(h); [section] 1805(f); [section] 1806(a),(j); [section] 1821(4); [section] 1824(e)(4); [section] 1825; [section] 1843(c)(2); [section] 1845.

(30.) Supra note 1, [section] 203a, amending Rule 6(e)(3)(c)(I)(V).

(31.) Supra note 1, [section] 203b.

(32.) Supra note 1, [section] 905.

(33.) Supra note 1, [section] 201, amending 18 U.S.C. 2516(1).

(34.) Supra note 1, [section] 206, amending 50 U.S.C. [section] 1805(c)(2)(B).

(35.) 50 U.S.C. [section][section] 1841-1846.

(36.) Supra note 1, [section] 214, amending 50 U.S.C. [section] 1842(c)(2).

(37.) Supra note 1, [section][section] 214 and 216 (amending 50 U.S.C. [section][section] 1842, 1843, and 18 U.S.C. [section][section] 3121, 3123, and 3127).

(38.) Supra note 1, [section] 216 (amending 18 [section] 3123; 3123(b)(1)(C) no longer requires that geographic limits be specified; however, 3127(2)(A) imposes a "nexus").

(39.) United States v. Freitas, 800 F.2d 1451 (9th Cir. 1986); United States v. Ludwig, 902 F.Supp. 121 (W.D. Tex. 1995); United States v. Villegas, 899 F.2d 1324 (2nd Cir.1990); United States v. Pangburn, 983 F.2d 449 (2nd Cir. 1993).

(40.) Supra note 1, [section] 213, amending 18 U.S.C. [section] 3103a.

(41.) Adverse result is defined as one resulting in endangering a life or a person's physical safety; flight from prosecution; destruction of or tampering with evidence; intimidation of potential witnesses; serious jeopardy of an investigation or undue delay in trial; see 18 U.S.C. [section] 2705(a)(2).

(42.) Supra note 1, [section] 219, amending F.R.C.P. Rule 41(b)(3). International terrorism is defined in Title 18 U.S.C. [section] 2331(1); domestic terrorism is defined in 18 U.S.C. [section] 2331(5).

(43.) There is an exception to this rule for movable objects; see F.R.C.P. Rule 41(b)(2).

(44.) Supra note 42.

(45.) Supra note 1, [section] 224(a).

(46.) Spano v. New York, 79 S. Ct. at 1206 (1959).

(47.) Olmstead v. United States, 48 S. Ct. 564 at 572-573 (1928).

Law enforcement officers of other than federal jurisdiction who are interested in this article should consult their legal advisors. Some police procedures ruled permissible under federal constitutional law are of questionable legality under state law or are not permitted at all.