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Polemic and paradox in Robert Southwell's lyric poems
Criticism, Fall, 2003 by Sadia Abbas
(34.) Janene, Study, 218. A. Lytton Sells points out that the image of the poet's soul as a boat occurs in Petrarch's sonnet 189 in the Rime sparse, and Southwell is known to have translated sonnet 134 into "What joy to live." The Italian Influence in English Poetry: From Chaucer to Southwell (London: Alien and Unwin, 1955), 320; Janelle, Study, 215. The image is also present in Dante in Purgatorio, canto i, and Paradiso, canto xxiii.
(35.) Southwell, Epistle of Comfort, 5.
(36.) Ibid., 8-10.
(37.) See Karen Batley, "Martyrdom in Sixteenth-Century English Jesuit Verse," Unisa: English Studies 26, no. 2 (1988): 3.
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(38.) Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, trans. Rev. H. J. Schroeder, O.P. (Rockford: Tan Books and Publishers, 1978), 216.
(39.) Ibid.
(40.) Christopher Ricks, The Force of Poetry (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984); William Keach, Shelley's Style (New York: Methuen, 1984), esp. the chapter "Reflexive Imagery," 79-118.
(41.) Martz, Study, 206.
(42.) Ricks, Force of Poetry, 38.
(43.) Ibid., 55.
(44.) Ibid. See also Keach, Shelley's Style, 80.
(45.) For a discussion of the Platonism of "At Home in Heaven," see Sells, Italian Influence, 328.
(46.) Shell, Catholicism, 67.
(47.) Sells, Italian Influences, 328. For a more thorough discussion of Southwell's Neoplatonism and Platonism, see 328-29.
(48.) Oxley, "Southwell's Longer Latin Poems," 333.
(49.) Gary Hatfield, "The Senses and the Fleshless Eye: The Meditations as Cognitive Exercises," in Essays on Descartes" Meditations, ed. A. Rorty (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 52.
(50.) Barbara G. Lane, The Altar and the Altarpiece: Sacramental Themes in Early Netherlandish Painting (New York: Harper and Row, 1984), 27.
(51.) On the chin-chuck and the sexuality of Christ see Leo Steinberg, The Sexuality of Christ in Renaissance Art and Modern Oblivion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 3-5.
(52.) My thanks to Kendall Walton for bringing this picture to my attention, and for discussion of these ideas.
(53.) Southwell, Epistle of Comfort, 52.
(54.) Canons and Decrees, 79.
(55.) McGrath, Papists and Puritans, 11.
(56.) Canons and Decrees, 74.
(57.) For a discussion of multiple alterations in Southwell's "Christs Bloody Sweat" see Brian Oxley's illuminating "The Relation between Southwell's Neo-Latin and English Poetry."
(58.) Leonard Barkan, The Gods Made Flesh: Metamorphosis and the Pursuit of Paganism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), 127.
(59.) Ibid., 115.
(60.) I am grateful to Claire Busse for suggesting this possibility.
(61.) Michael Schoenfeldt, Prayer and Power: George Herbert and Renaissance Courtship (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 126-27.
(62.) Debora Kuller Shuger, "Saints and Lovers: Mary Magdalene and the Ovidian Evangel," in The Renaissance Bible: Scholarship, Sacrifice, and Subjectivity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).
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