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Bullying in elementary school, high school, and college

Adolescence, Winter, 2006 by Mark S. Chapell, Stefanie L. Hasselman, Theresa Kitchin, Safiya N. Lomon, Kenneth W. MacIver, Patrick L. Sarullo

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Procedure

Participants were recruited on campus, and informed consent forms and questionnaires were administered by students trained and supervised by the first author. The exclusive administration of questionnaires by students was done to reduce bias that might arise due to the questions about bullying by college teachers and coaches.

RESULTS

Table 1 presents the percentages of bullies and bullied in college, high school, and elementary school. It was found that there is more bullying in elementary school than high school, and more bullying in high school than college, which is consistent with the literature cited above which shows a reduction in bullying with age.

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Table 2 shows that there was a significant positive correlation between having been a bully in elementary school, high school, and college, a positive correlation between having been bullied in college and in high school, and a positive correlation between having been bullied in high school and elementary school. There was a significant positive correlation between having been both a bully and a victim of bullying in elementary school, a significant positive correlation between having been a bully and victim in high school, and a significant positive correlation between having been a bully and a victim in college. Additionally, of 25 who were bullied in college, 18 (72%) were also bullied in high school and elementary school. Of 26 bullies in college, 14 (53.8%) had also been bullies in high school and elementary school. Finally, there were 12 bully-victims in college, and 5 of these (41.6%) had also been bully-victims in high school and elementary school.

There were no significant sex differences in being a bully or bully-victim in college, high school or elementary school. Male students were not bullied more than females students in college, but males were bullied significantly more than females in high school, F(1, 117) = 4.53, p < .05, [[eta].sup.2] = .04, and elementary school, F(1, 117) = 4.57, p < .05, [[eta].sup.2] = .038 (according to Cohen, 1988, [[eta].sup.2] effect sizes of .01 are small, .06 are medium, and .14 are large).

Table 3 shows that overall, bullies used more verbal bullying than social bullying in college, high school, and elementary school, and physical bullying was least common. There were no significant sex differences in verbal, physical, or social bullying by bullies in college, high school or elementary school.

Table 4 shows that overall, those who were bullied in college, high school, and elementary school experienced more verbal bullying than social bullying in college, high school, and elementary school, and physical bullying was least common. Male college students were bullied verbally more than female students, F(1, 117) = 4.29, p < .05, [[eta].sup.2] = .035. Male college students were also bullied physically more than female students, F(1, 117) = 4.06, p < .05, [[eta].sup.2] = .034, but there were no significant sex differences in being socially bullied in college. Male high school students were bullied verbally more than female students, F(1, 117) = 10.70, p < .01, [[eta].sup.2] = .084. Male high school students were also bullied physically more than females, F(1, 117) = 9.57, p < .01, [[eta].sup.2] = .076, but there were no sex differences in being socially bullied in high school. Male elementary school students were bullied verbally more than female students, F(1, 117) = 6.14, p < .05, [[eta].sup.2] = .05. Male elementary school students were bullied physically more than female students, F(1, 117) = 14.97, p < .001, [[eta].sup.2] = .11, but there were no significant sex differences in being socially bullied in elementary school.

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Bullying in elementary school, high school, and college

Adolescence, Winter, 2006 by Mark S. Chapell, Stefanie L. Hasselman, Theresa Kitchin, Safiya N. Lomon, Kenneth W. MacIver, Patrick L. Sarullo

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