Appendix B. Metric and other physical conversion factors

Monthly Energy Review, April, 2005

Data presented in the Monthly Energy Review and in other Energy Information Administration publications are expressed predominately in units that historically have been used in the United States, such as British thermal units, barrels, cubic feet, and short tons. However, because U.S. commerce involves other nations, most of which use metric units of measure, the U.S. Government is committed to the transition to the metric system, as stated in the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 (Public Law 94-168), amended by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (Public Law 100-418), and Executive Order 12770 of July 25, 1991.

The metric conversion factors presented in Table B1 can be used to calculate the metric-unit equivalents of values expressed in U.S. Customary units. For example, 500 short tons are the equivalent of 453.6 metric tons (500 short tons x 0.9071847 metric tons/short ton = 453.6 metric tons).

In the metric system of weights and measures, the names of multiples and subdivisions of any unit may be derived by combining the name of the unit with prefixes, such as deka, hecto, and kilo, meaning, respectively, 10, 100, 1,000, and deci, centi, and milli, meaning, respectively, one-tenth, one-hundredth, and one-thousandth. Common metric prefixes can be found in Table B2.

The conversion factors presented in Table B3 can be used to calculate equivalents in various physical units commonly used in energy analyses. For example, 10 barrels are the equivalent of 420 U.S. gallons (10 barrels x 42 gallons/barrel = 420 gallons).

Table B1. Metric Conversion Factors

 Type
of Unit    U.S. Unit                   Equivalent in Metric Units

Mass       1 short ton
             (2,000 lb)      =       0.907 184 7        metric tons
                                                          (t)
           1 long ton        =       1.016 047          metric tons
                                                          (t)
           1 pound (lb)      =       0.453 592 37 (a)   kilograms (kg)
           1 pound uranium
             oxide (lb
             [U.sub.3]
             [O.sub.8])      =       0.384 647 (b)      kilograms
                                                          uranium
                                                          (kgU)
           1 ounce,
             avoirdupois
             (avdp oz)       =      28.349 52           grams (g)

Volume     1 barrel of oil
             (bbl)           =       0.158 987 3        cubic meters
                                                          ([m.sup.3])
           1 cubic yard
             ([yd.sup.3])    =       0.764 555          cubic meters
                                                          ([m.sup.3])
           1 cubic foot
             ([ft.sup.3])    =       0.028 316 85       cubic meters
                                                          ([m.sup.3])
           1 U.S. gallon
             (gal)           =       3.785 412          liters (L)
           1 ounce, fluid
             (fl oz)         =      29.573 53           milliliters
                                                          (mL)
           1 cubic inch
             ([in.sup.3])    =      16.387 06           milliliters
                                                          (mL)

Length     1 mile (mi)       =       1.609 344 (a)      kilometers
                                                          (km)
           1 yard (yd)       =       0.914 4 (a)        meters (m)
           1 foot (ft)       =       0.304 8 (a)        meters (m)
           1 inch (in)       =       2.54 (a)           centimeters
                                                          (cm)

Area       1 acre            =       0.404 69           hectares (ha)
           1 square mile                                square
             ([mi.sup.2])    =       2.589 988            kilometers
                                                          ([km.sup.2])
           1 square yard                                square meters
             ([yd.sup.2])    =       0.836 127 4          ([m.sup.2])
           1 square foot                                square meters
             ([ft.sup.2])    =       0.092 903 04 (a)     ([m.sup.2])
           1 square inch                                square
             ([in.sup.2])    =       6.451 6 (a)          centimeters
                                                          ([cm.sup.2])
Energy     1 British
             thermal unit
             (Btu) (c)       =   1,055.055 852 62 (a)   joules (J)
           1 calorie (cal)   =       4.186 8 (a)        joules (J)
           1 kilowatthour
             (kWh)           =       3.6 (a)            megajoules
                                                          (MJ)

Tempera-   32 degrees                                   degrees
ture (d)     Fahrenheit                                   Celsius
             ([degrees]F)    =             0 (a)          [degrees]C)
           212 degrees                                  degrees
             Fahrenheit                                   Celsius
             ([degrees]F)    =           100 (a)          ([degrees]C)

(a) Exact conversion.

(b) Calculated by the Energy Information Administration.

(c) The Btu used in this table is the International Table Btu adopted
by the Fifth International Conference on Properties of Steam, London,
1956.

(d) To convert degrees Fahrenheit ([degrees]F) to degrees Celsius
([degrees]C) exactly, subtract 32, then multiply by 5/9.

Notes: * Spaces have been inserted after every third digit to the
right of the decimal for ease of reading. * Most metric units belong
to the International System of Units (SI), and the liter, hectare,
and metric ton are accepted for use with the SI units. For more
information about the SI units, see
http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/index.html.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mer/append.html.

Sources: * General Services Administration, Federal Standard 376B,
Preferred Metric Units for General Use by the Federal Government
(Washington, DC, January 1993), pp. 9-11, 13, and 16. * U.S.
Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Special Publications 330, 811, and 814. * American National Standards
Institute/Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, ANSI/IEEE
Std 268-1992, pp. 28 and 29.

Table B2. Metric Prefixes

   Unit                             Unit
 Multiple     Prefix   Symbol   Subdivision    Prefix   Symbol

[10.sup.1]    deka       da     [10.sup.-1]    deci        d
[10.sup.2]    hecto      h      [10.sup.-2]    centi       c
[10.sup.3]    kilo       k      [10.sup.-3]    milli       m
[10.sup.6]    mega       M      [10.sup.-6]    micro    [micro]
[10.sup.9]    giga       G      [10.sup.-9]    nano        n
[10.sup.12]   tera       T      [10.sup.-12]   pico        p
[10.sup.15]   peta       P      [10.sup.-15]   femto       f
[10.sup.18]   exa        E      [10.sup.-18]   atto        a
[10.sup.21]   zetta      Z      [10.sup.-21]   zepto       z
[10.sup.24]   yotta      Y      [10.sup.-24]   yocto       y

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mer/append.html.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards
and Technology, The International System of Units (SI), NIST Special
Publication 330, 1991 Edition (Washington, DC, August 1991), p.10.

Table B3. Other Physical Conversion Factors

Energy
Source      Original Unit            Equivalent in Final Units

Petroleum   1 barrel (bbl)     =      42 (a)   U.S. gallons (gal)

Coal        1 short ton        =   2,000 (a)   pounds (lb)
            1 long ton         =   2,240 (a)   pounds (lb)
            1 metric ton (t)   =   1,000 (a)   kilograms (kg)

Wood        1 cord (cd)        =    1.25 (b)   shorts tons
            1 cord (cd)        =     128 (a)   cubic feet ([ft.sup.3])

(a) Exact conversion.

(b) Calculated by the Energy Information Administration.

Web Page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mer/append.html.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards
and Technology, Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical
Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices, NIST Handbook 44,
1994 Edition (Washington, DC, October 1993), pp. B-10, C-17 and C-21.