Business Services Industry
Statistical annex
OECD Economic Outlook, June, 2008
Annex Table 29. General government primary balances
Surplus ( ) or deficit (-) as a per cent of nominal GDP
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Australia 1.5 -1.7 -2.3 -1.9 -0.8
Austria 0.1 -0.1 0.9 -1.2 -1.8
Belgium 4.4 3.3 2.4 3.0 3.8
Canada -0.7 -3.1 -3.8 -3.4 -1.5
Czech Republic .. .. .. .. ..
Denmark 3.3 1.8 1.0 0.1 0.3
Finland 3.4 -3.0 -7.4 -8.7 -5.7
France -0.3 -0.6 -2.1 -3.7 -2.6
Germany 0.3 -0.9 -0.1 -0.5 0.2
Greece -5.2 -1.4 -0.9 -1.0 3.8
Hungary .. .. .. .. ..
Iceland -2.2 -1.9 -1.9 -3.3 -3.5
Ireland 3.3 2.8 2.2 2.1 2.5
Italy -2.0 -0.6 1.2 2.0 1.4
Japan 3.3 2.9 1.9 -1.2 -3.0
Korea 2.5 1.1 0.7 1.7 2.3
Luxembourg 1.6 -1.8 -2.5 -0.5 0.9
Netherlands -1.2 1.7 0.3 1.6 0.7
New Zealand -0.5 -0.7 -0.2 1.9 4.3
Norway -1.3 -3.5 -5.2 -4.2 -1.9
Poland .. .. .. .. ..
Portugal 1.9 1.2 3.7 -0.3 -1.1
Slovak Republic .. .. .. .. -7.7
Spain -1.4 -1.8 -0.5 -2.8 -2.4
Sweden 2.6 -0.8 -9.8 -11.6 -8.4
Switzerland 0.3 -1.4 -2.5 -2.8 -2.0
United Kingdom 0.9 -0.9 -4.1 -5.4 -4.1
United States -0.8 -1.3 -2.2 -1.5 -0.2
Euro area -0.1 -0.4 -0.1 -0.8 -0.3
Total OECD 0.2 -0.5 -1.2 -1.6 -0.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Australia 0.0 0.7 1.8 3.6 3.9
Austria -2.5 -0.7 1.2 0.6 0.5
Belgium 4.1 4.3 5.3 6.3 6.1
Canada 0.4 2.5 5.0 4.9 5.9
Czech Republic -13.5 -2.9 -3.5 -4.6 -3.3
Denmark 0.6 1.3 2.4 2.6 3.8
Finland -5.4 -2.1 0.6 3.3 3.1
France -2.5 -0.9 -0.3 0.3 0.9
Germany -0.3 -0.4 0.2 0.8 1.3
Greece 1.8 3.7 2.4 3.8 3.7
Hungary .. .. .. .. 0.5
Iceland -1.5 -0.2 1.1 0.6 2.0
Ireland 1.9 3.0 4.0 4.6 4.0
Italy 3.1 3.6 5.8 4.5 4.1
Japan -3.8 -3.8 -2.7 -4.4 -5.9
Korea 3.0 2.6 2.2 0.3 1.5
Luxembourg 1.0 0.1 2.6 2.4 2.5
Netherlands 0.1 2.5 2.9 3.1 4.0
New Zealand 4.3 3.6 2.4 0.8 0.0
Norway -0.2 1.5 2.0 -0.7 0.8
Poland 0.7 -0.7 -0.8 -0.6 0.1
Portugal 0.8 0.5 0.4 -0.2 0.2
Slovak Republic -2.8 -9.2 -5.1 -3.9 -5.6
Spain -1.8 -0.1 0.8 0.6 1.8
Sweden -5.9 -1.7 0.3 2.6 2.5
Switzerland -1.1 -1.1 -2.0 -1.0 0.6
United Kingdom -2.7 -1.1 1.0 3.1 3.6
United States 0.4 1.2 2.4 3.5 3.6
Euro area -0.2 0.6 1.6 1.8 2.2
Total OECD -0.6 0.2 1.4 1.7 1.8
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Australia 2.7 1.5 2.9 3.2 2.4
Austria 0.9 2.5 1.7 0.9 -1.7
Belgium 6.4 6.7 5.4 5.1 4.5
Canada 6.0 3.6 2.5 1.8 2.4
Czech Republic -3.7 -5.8 -6.7 -6.4 -2.6
Denmark 4.3 3.0 1.9 1.4 3.1
Finland 7.9 5.6 4.2 2.4 2.2
France 1.1 1.1 -0.5 -1.6 -1.1
Germany 4.0 -0.3 -1.2 -1.5 -1.3
Greece 3.0 1.5 0.4 -1.0 -2.7
Hungary 1.2 -0.5 -5.7 -3.8 -3.2
Iceland 2.4 -0.1 -2.2 -2.2 0.3
Ireland 5.5 1.1 -0.3 0.6 1.5
Italy 4.9 2.6 2.0 1.0 0.7
Japan -6.2 -4.9 -6.6 -6.6 -5.0
Korea 3.9 3.5 4.1 -0.8 1.2
Luxembourg 4.8 4.8 1.0 -0.3 -1.9
Netherlands 4.9 2.1 0.1 -1.1 0.1
New Zealand 2.1 2.1 3.2 3.7 3.9
Norway 6.2 4.9 1.5 -0.6 2.6
Poland -0.7 -2.5 -3.1 -4.0 -3.8
Portugal 0.1 -1.3 0.0 -0.2 -0.7
Slovak Republic -10.3 -4.3 -5.4 -1.5 -1.9
Spain 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.4
Sweden 4.7 2.4 -0.3 -0.9 0.5
Switzerland 1.0 0.8 -0.2 -0.7 -0.8
United Kingdom 6.3 2.9 0.0 -1.6 -1.5
United States 4.1 1.9 -1.7 -2.9 -2.5
Euro area 3.4 1.4 0.4 -0.2 -0.2
Total OECD 2.6 0.9 -1.2 -2.1 -1.6
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Australia 2.7 3.0 1.7 2.4 2.5
Austria 0.6 0.5 1.4 1.4 1.2
Belgium 1.7 4.2 3.5 3.3 2.6
Canada 2.6 2.0 1.9 0.5 0.0
Czech Republic -3.1 -2.3 -1.2 -1.1 -0.9
Denmark 5.9 5.5 4.9 4.1 3.1
Finland 2.6 3.7 4.8 4.1 3.5
France -0.6 -0.1 -0.2 -0.6 -0.5
Germany -1.0 0.8 2.4 1.9 2.2
Greece -1.0 1.2 1.0 1.8 1.6
Hungary -4.5 -6.4 -2.3 -1.0 -0.6
Iceland 4.5 5.6 4.1 1.2 -2.0
Ireland 1.7 3.0 0.2 -1.4 -2.8
Italy -0.3 0.7 2.5 2.2 1.9
Japan -5.9 -0.8 -1.7 -0.5 -1.3
Korea 1.7 2.0 3.1 3.1 3.0
Luxembourg -0.8 0.6 2.3 1.0 0.7
Netherlands 1.6 2.2 2.2 2.8 3.1
New Zealand 3.9 3.2 2.8 1.5 0.6
Norway 5.8 7.9 6.7 7.4 6.8
Poland -2.6 -2.1 -0.3 -0.9 -0.9
Portugal -3.5 -1.1 0.2 0.6 0.7
Slovak Republic -3.0 -3.7 -2.3 -2.2 -1.8
Spain 2.4 3.0 3.3 1.8 0.7
Sweden 1.7 1.8 2.8 2.2 1.8
Switzerland 0.3 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.1
United Kingdom -1.6 -0.9 -1.0 -1.9 -1.9
United States -1.6 -0.6 -1.0 -3.3 -3.0
Euro area 0.0 1.1 1.9 1.4 1.3
Total OECD -1.2 0.2 0.2 -0.8 -0.8
Note: The primary balance excludes the impact of net interest
payments on the financial balance. For more details see footnotes
to Annex Tables 27 and 31 and OECD Economic Outlook Sources and
Methods (http://www.oecd.org/eco/sources-and-methods).
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
StatLink http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/368450285543
Annex Table 30. Cyclically-adjusted general government primary balances
Surplus ( ) or deficit (-) as a per cent of potential GDP
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Australia 0.9 -1.0 -1.3 -1.0 -0.4
Austria -0.2 -0.8 0.3 -0.9 -1.3
Belgium 3.5 2.4 1.7 3.9 4.5
Canada -1.4 -2.0 -1.9 -1.5 -0.4
Czech Republic .. .. .. .. ..
Denmark 3.7 2.6 2.0 1.9 1.3
Finland 1.2 -1.7 -3.2 -3.4 -1.4
France -1.4 -1.5 -2.6 -3.2 -2.0
Germany -1.5 -1.3 -0.8 0.0 0.6
Greece -5.3 -1.8 -1.1 -0.3 4.3
Hungary .. .. .. .. ..
Iceland -1.8 -1.0 0.4 -0.8 -1.7
Ireland 2.4 2.5 2.8 3.7 4.5
Italy -2.9 -1.3 1.1 3.0 2.5
Japan 2.3 1.9 1.0 -1.6 -3.2
Luxembourg -0.4 -4.6 -4.4 -1.7 0.2
Netherlands -1.5 1.0 -0.1 2.2 1.8
New Zealand 0.0 1.1 1.9 3.0 4.4
Norway (1) -4.6 -7.2 -9.0 -8.7 -6.8
Poland .. .. .. .. ..
Portugal 0.4 -0.8 2.2 -0.1 -0.1
Spain -3.2 -3.6 -1.5 -2.0 -0.8
Sweden 1.9 0.0 -7.3 -7.3 -5.5
Switzerland -2.4 -2.5 -2.9 -2.7 -2.0
United Kingdom -0.6 -1.2 -3.4 -4.5 -3.6
United States -1.3 -0.9 -1.7 -0.9 0.2
Euro area -1.5 -1.2 -0.5 0.1 0.3
Total OECD -0.8 -0.7 -1.2 -1.0 -0.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Australia 0.2 1.0 2.3 3.8 3.9
Austria -2.1 -0.4 1.5 0.5 -0.2
Belgium 4.6 5.2 5.6 6.8 6.0
Canada 1.1 3.6 5.9 5.4 5.8
Czech Republic .. .. .. .. -2.6
Denmark 1.0 1.5 2.2 2.5 3.7
Finland -1.7 0.8 1.9 3.6 3.0
France -2.1 -0.2 0.5 0.7 0.8
Germany -0.1 0.0 0.8 1.1 1.4
Greece 2.3 4.1 2.8 4.1 4.1
Hungary .. .. .. .. 0.4
Iceland 0.3 0.9 1.6 0.5 1.8
Ireland 3.0 3.8 3.9 4.2 2.8
Italy 3.6 4.2 6.3 5.0 4.5
Japan -4.0 -4.4 -3.4 -4.2 -5.3
Luxembourg 1.4 1.8 4.4 3.4 2.4
Netherlands 1.1 3.3 3.3 2.9 3.2
New Zealand 3.9 3.0 2.2 1.7 0.4
Norway (1) -5.2 -6.9 -7.7 -6.9 -7.4
Poland .. -0.7 -1.3 -0.8 0.0
Portugal 1.4 0.9 0.4 -1.0 -1.0
Spain -0.2 1.6 2.4 1.6 2.1
Sweden -4.6 -0.3 1.5 3.1 2.3
Switzerland -1.1 -0.8 -2.0 -1.5 0.0
United Kingdom -2.3 -0.7 1.3 3.2 3.6
United States 1.0 1.8 2.7 3.5 3.2
Euro area 0.2 1.3 2.1 2.0 2.1
Total OECD -0.3 0.6 1.5 1.9 1.7
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Australia 2.4 1.7 3.1 3.3 2.3
Austria -0.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 -0.8
Belgium 5.4 5.9 5.5 5.8 5.0
Canada 5.2 3.1 2.1 1.6 2.2
Czech Republic -3.4 -5.4 -5.8 -5.3 -1.7
Denmark 3.6 2.3 2.1 2.3 3.9
Finland 7.3 5.2 4.4 3.1 2.7
France 0.3 0.1 -1.0 -1.4 -0.8
Germany 0.8 -1.1 -1.3 -0.9 -0.4
Greece 3.2 1.2 0.6 -1.1 -3.0
Hungary 1.0 -0.7 -5.9 -4.0 -3.7
Iceland 2.3 -0.5 -1.9 -1.6 0.0
Ireland 3.8 -0.4 -1.5 0.1 1.5
Italy 3.4 1.8 1.7 1.3 1.2
Japan -5.9 -4.4 -5.8 -5.7 -4.5
Luxembourg 3.4 3.8 0.5 0.1 -1.4
Netherlands 2.7 0.4 -0.8 -0.7 1.1
New Zealand 2.1 2.2 2.9 3.3 3.2
Norway (1) -11.6 -11.3 -12.2 -14.1 -13.4
Poland -0.7 -1.7 -1.9 -3.1 -3.5
Portugal -2.1 -3.0 -0.9 0.1 -0.3
Spain 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.0 1.7
Sweden 3.8 2.2 -0.3 -0.3 1.0
Switzerland -0.3 -0.5 -0.9 -0.6 -0.7
United Kingdom 3.6 2.5 -0.2 -1.7 -1.9
United States 3.5 1.7 -1.5 -2.6 -2.4
Euro area 1.5 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.3
Total OECD 1.4 0.5 -1.3 -1.8 -1.6
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Australia 2.5 2.9 1.3 2.0 2.4
Austria 1.5 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.0
Belgium 2.3 4.4 3.4 3.3 2.8
Canada 2.4 1.8 1.7 0.8 0.6
Czech Republic -3.0 -2.7 -2.1 -1.7 -1.6
Denmark 6.2 4.7 3.7 2.9 2.3
Finland 3.0 3.4 4.2 3.5 3.1
France -0.3 0.0 -0.4 -0.8 -0.6
Germany 0.2 1.3 2.2 1.4 1.9
Greece -1.3 0.9 0.7 1.7 1.6
Hungary -5.0 -7.0 -2.3 -0.4 0.0
Iceland 3.3 4.6 3.4 1.7 0.1
Ireland 1.6 2.8 0.2 -0.2 -0.8
Italy 0.5 1.3 3.0 3.1 3.0
Japan -5.5 -0.7 -1.8 -0.7 -1.5
Luxembourg -0.2 1.0 2.7 1.8 1.7
Netherlands 2.6 2.9 2.1 2.0 2.2
New Zealand 3.3 3.1 2.6 1.7 0.9
Norway (1) -14.0 -14.3 -13.1 -13.2 -12.7
Poland -2.3 -2.3 -1.0 -1.9 -1.8
Portugal -2.6 -0.2 1.2 1.6 1.6
Spain 2.6 3.0 3.2 2.2 2.1
Sweden 1.9 1.2 2.4 2.1 2.0
Switzerland 0.3 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.9
United Kingdom -1.7 -0.8 -1.1 -1.7 -1.4
United States -1.7 -0.9 -1.1 -3.1 -2.3
Euro area 0.6 1.3 1.9 1.6 1.7
Total OECD -1.3 -0.1 -0.2 -0.9 -0.7
Note: Excludes the impact of net interest payments on the
cyclically adjusted balance. Concerning the exclusion of the
one-offs see the note to the Annex Table 28. The OECD Economic
Outlook Sources and Methods
(http://www.oecd.org/eco/sources-and-methods) provide details
on the methodology used for estimating the cyclical component
of government balances.
(1.) As a percentage of mainland potential GDP. The financial
balances shown are adjusted to exclude net revenues from petroleum
activities. These adjustments differ from national calculations.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
StatLink http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/368526602623
Annex Table 31. General government net debt interest payments
Per cent of nominal GDP
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Australia 3.5 3.0 3.1 2.5 3.6
Austria 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.1
Belgium 11.0 10.6 10.4 10.3 8.8
Canada 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.2
Czech Republic .. .. .. .. ..
Denmark 4.5 4.7 3.6 3.9 3.6
Finland -1.9 -2.0 -2.0 -0.4 1.0
France 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9
Germany 2.2 2.0 2.4 2.5 2.5
Greece 8.8 8.4 10.1 11.0 12.1
Hungary .. .. .. .. ..
Iceland 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.2
Ireland 6.1 5.6 5.1 4.8 4.5
Italy 9.5 10.8 11.6 12.0 10.5
Japan 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2
Korea -0.6 -0.6 -0.7 -0.6 -0.6
Luxembourg -2.7 -2.5 -2.3 -1.9 -1.6
Netherlands 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.2
New Zealand 4.1 2.8 2.8 2.3 1.2
Norway -3.5 -3.6 -3.4 -2.8 -2.2
Poland .. .. .. .. ..
Portugal 7.9 8.1 7.9 7.2 6.1
Slovak Republic .. .. .. .. 1.1
Spain 2.8 3.1 3.4 4.5 4.4
Sweden -0.8 -0.7 -1.0 -0.4 0.7
Switzerland 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8
United Kingdom 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6
United States 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.4
Euro area 4.2 4.2 4.6 4.9 4.6
Total OECD 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Australia 3.7 3.1 2.5 2.0 1.9
Austria 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.9
Belgium 8.5 8.1 7.4 7.1 6.6
Canada 5.7 5.3 4.8 4.8 4.3
Czech Republic 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4
Denmark 3.5 3.2 2.9 2.6 2.4
Finland 0.8 1.4 1.9 1.6 1.5
France 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7
Germany 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.7
Greece 10.9 10.3 8.3 7.6 6.7
Hungary .. .. .. .. 5.8
Iceland 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.0 0.9
Ireland 3.9 3.1 2.6 2.3 1.4
Italy 10.5 10.5 8.5 7.6 5.9
Japan 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.5
Korea -0.7 -0.9 -1.0 -1.3 -1.2
Luxembourg -1.4 -1.1 -1.0 -1.0 -0.9
Netherlands 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.6
New Zealand 1.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.2
Norway -3.5 -4.8 -5.7 -4.0 -5.2
Poland 5.1 4.2 3.8 3.7 2.4
Portugal 5.8 5.0 3.9 3.2 3.0
Slovak Republic 0.6 0.7 1.2 1.5 1.5
Spain 4.6 4.7 4.2 3.8 3.2
Sweden 1.4 1.6 1.9 1.3 1.3
Switzerland 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.1
United Kingdom 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.0 2.5
United States 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.1 2.7
Euro area 4.8 4.9 4.4 4.1 3.6
Total OECD 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.0 2.6
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Australia 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.3
Austria 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.2
Belgium 6.4 6.1 5.5 5.1 4.6
Canada 3.1 2.9 2.6 1.8 1.6
Czech Republic 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.2 0.3
Denmark 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.2
Finland 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
France 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5
Germany 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5
Greece 6.7 6.0 5.2 4.7 4.6
Hungary 4.1 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.2
Iceland 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.3
Ireland 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
Italy 5.8 5.7 5.0 4.6 4.3
Japan 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2
Korea -1.5 -1.2 -1.3 -1.2 -1.3
Luxembourg -1.2 -1.3 -1.1 -0.9 -0.7
Netherlands 2.9 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9
New Zealand 0.4 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.4
Norway -9.2 -8.4 -7.7 -7.9 -8.5
Poland 2.4 2.7 1.9 2.2 1.9
Portugal 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7
Slovak Republic 1.9 2.2 2.8 1.2 0.5
Spain 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.7
Sweden 1.0 0.7 1.1 0.2 -0.1
Switzerland 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0
United Kingdom 2.4 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.7
United States 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.8
Euro area 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.7
Total OECD 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.8
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Australia 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8
Austria 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
Belgium 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.5
Canada 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.5
Czech Republic 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5
Denmark 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.1
Finland -0.1 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4
France 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.4
Germany 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4
Greece 4.3 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.7
Hungary 3.3 2.9 3.2 3.1 2.9
Iceland -0.4 -0.7 -1.1 -1.0 -1.0
Ireland 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2
Italy 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.7 4.7
Japan 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0
Korea -1.3 -1.6 -1.5 -1.4 -1.4
Luxembourg -0.6 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.6
Netherlands 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.6
New Zealand -0.6 -0.7 -0.9 -1.1 -1.2
Norway -9.3 -10.6 -10.6 -10.5 -10.3
Poland 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8
Portugal 2.6 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7
Slovak Republic -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2
Spain 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0
Sweden -0.3 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -0.9
Switzerland 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0
United Kingdom 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.8
United States 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2
Euro area 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.5
Total OECD 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8
Note: In the case of Ireland and New Zealand where net interest
payments are not available, net property income paid is used as
a proxy. For Denmark, net interest payments include dividends
received. See OECD Economic Outlook Sources and Methods
(http://www.oecd.org/eco/sources-and-methods).
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
StatLinik http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/368538568872
Annex Table 32. General government gross financial liabilities
Per cent of nominal GDP
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Australia 21.9 23.2 27.4 30.6 40.1
Austria 57.2 57.2 56.9 61.7 64.8
Belgium (1) 125.8 127.4 136.6 140.7 137.8
Canada 75.2 82.3 90.2 96.3 98.0
Czech Republic .. .. .. .. ..
Denmark 66.4 67.2 71.1 85.0 78.9
Finland 16.3 24.6 44.1 57.4 60.8
France 38.6 39.5 43.9 51.0 60.2
Germany (2) 40.4 37.7 409.0 46.2 46.5
Greece .. .. .. .. ..
Hungary .. 79.2 81.1 92.0 91.8
Iceland 36.2 38.4 46.2 53.1 55.7
Ireland .. .. .. .. ..
Italy 97.3 100.1 106.6 116.0 120.6
Japan (3) 64.7 64.1 67.9 73.9 79.4
Korea 7.8 6.7 6.4 5.6 5.2
Luxembourg .. .. .. .. ..
Netherlands 87.8 88.6 92.1 96.7 86.7
New Zealand .. .. .. .. 57.4
Norway 29.4 27.8 32.4 40.8 37.3
Poland .. .. .. .. ..
Portugal .. .. .. .. ..
Slovak Republic .. .. .. .. ..
Spain 47.7 49.6 52.1 65.5 64.1
Sweden 46.0 54.7 72.9 78.2 82.5
Switzerland 31.1 33.3 38.4 42.9 45.5
United Kingdom 32.9 33.3 39.3 49.0 47.3
United States 63.0 67.7 70.2 71.9 71.1
Euro area 57.0 59.1 60.6 65.9 69.0
Total OECD 56.8 59.7 62.6 66.7 68.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Australia 41.9 39.1 37.4 32.3 28.0
Austria 69.1 69.6 66.0 67.4 69.9
Belgium (1) 135.3 133.1 128.1 122.9 119.6
Canada 101.6 101.7 96.3 95.2 91.4
Czech Republic .. .. .. .. ..
Denmark 79.3 76.6 72.1 69.7 64.1
Finland 65.1 65.9 64.6 60.9 54.8
France 63.0 66.7 69.1 70.7 66.8
Germany (2) 55.7 58.8 60.3 62.2 61.5
Greece 101.2 103.1 100.0 97.6 101.1
Hungary 88.5 76.1 66.8 65.0 66.2
Iceland 58.9 56.3 53.1 47.9 43.4
Ireland .. .. .. 62.2 51.3
Italy 122.2 128.6 130.2 132.6 126.4
Japan (3) 86.7 94.0 100.5 113.2 127.0
Korea 5.5 5.9 7.5 13.1 15.6
Luxembourg 9.5 10.1 10.2 11.2 10.0
Netherlands 89.6 88.1 82.2 80.8 71.6
New Zealand 51.3 44.9 42.3 42.2 39.6
Norway 40.9 36.5 32.0 30.8 30.8
Poland 51.6 51.4 48.3 43.8 46.6
Portugal 68.8 68.4 67.4 65.2 61.9
Slovak Republic 38.2 37.7 39.0 41.2 53.5
Spain 68.8 75.6 74.6 74.4 68.5
Sweden 81.0 84.4 83.2 82.5 73.7
Switzerland 47.7 50.1 52.1 54.9 51.9
United Kingdom 52.2 52.0 52.9 53.4 48.3
United States 70.7 70.0 67.6 64.5 61.0
Euro area 172.3 77.4 79.5 80.2 78.4
Total OECD 170.0 72.1 72.3 72.9 72.3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Australia 25.0 22.2 20.2 18.8 17.0
Austria 69.4 70.1 71.6 69.7 69.2
Belgium (1) 113.5 111.7 108.2 103.4 98.5
Canada 82.1 82.7 80.6 76.6 72.4
Czech Republic .. .. 33.1 34.9 34.7
Denmark 57.1 55.0 55.4 53.6 50.1
Finland 52.4 49.9 49.5 51.3 51.5
France 65.7 64.3 67.3 71.4 73.9
Germany (2) 60.4 59.7 62.1 65.3 68.7
Greece 114.9 117.9 116.3 112.5 114.4
Hungary 60.1 59.7 60.9 61.3 65.2
Iceland 41.0 45.9 42.1 40.8 34.5
Ireland 40.2 37.4 35.2 34.1 32.8
Italy 121.6 120.8 119.5 116.9 117.5
Japan (3) 135.4 143.7 152.3 158.0 165.5
Korea 16.3 17.4 16.6 18.4 22.6
Luxembourg 9.2 8.2 8.5 7.9 8.6
Netherlands 63.9 59.4 60.3 61.4 61.9
New Zealand 37.4 35.4 33.5 31.4 28.7
Norway 34.1 32.9 40.5 49.2 52.8
Poland 45.4 43.8 55.0 55.3 54.6
Portugal 60.9 61.8 65.3 65.8 67.9
Slovak Republic 57.6 57.2 50.3 48.3 47.3
Spain 66.5 61.9 60.3 55.1 53.2
Sweden 64.7 63.4 60.5 59.8 59.5
Switzerland 52.5 51.3 57.2 57.0 57.9
United Kingdom 46.0 41.1 41.6 41.9 44.1
United States 55.2 55.2 57.6 60.9 61.9
Euro area 75.2 73.8 74.1 75.0 75.8
Total OECD 69.5 69.8 71.8 74.0 75.6
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Australia 16.7 16.1 15.4 14.9 13.8
Austria 69.5 64.9 61.3 60.0 59.9
Belgium (1) 95.8 91.6 88.3 86.2 84.8
Canada 70.3 68.1 64.4 64.4 65.3
Czech Republic 34.3 33.9 33.4 31.8 31.1
Denmark 42.3 38.9 31.8 27.7 25.0
Finland 48.5 44.8 41.0 40.0 38.8
France 75.7 71.1 69.4 71.0 72.6
Germany (2) 71.0 69.3 65.4 64.2 63.1
Greece 112.3 105.8 102.4 99.7 97.7
Hungary 68.6 72.0 72.2 72.7 72.9
Iceland 25.4 30.2 24.3 21.8 22.6
Ireland 32.8 29.2 29.9 32.4 34.6
Italy 120.1 118.2 116.7 117.1 116.8
Japan (3) 175.3 171.9 170.3 170.9 170.3
Korea 24.7 27.6 29.4 26.3 24.8
Luxembourg 7.7 10.3 11.3 10.3 9.8
Netherlands 61.0 54.7 51.4 49.3 47.4
New Zealand 27.5 27.0 25.0 22.1 21.3
Norway 49.1 59.3 82.7 89.4 75.9
Poland 56.4 55.9 52.9 53.8 53.9
Portugal 71.8 71.5 71.8 72.2 72.5
Slovak Republic 38.7 34.7 36.6 38.0 39.1
Spain 50.6 46.7 42.6 40.8 40.5
Sweden 59.7 52.5 46.9 40.9 36.9
Switzerland 56.4 56.5 56.8 56.7 57.3
United Kingdom 46.8 46.6 47.5 49.8 52.3
United States 62.4 61.8 62.8 65.8 69.8
Euro area 76.9 74.8 71.8 70.5 70.4
Total OECD 77.4 76.2 75.4 76.2 77.6
Note: Gross debt data are not always comparable across countries
due to different definitions or treatment of debt components.
Notably, they include the funded portion of government employee
pension liabilities for some OECD countries, including Australia
and the United States. The debt position of these countries is thus
overstated relative to countries that have large unfunded
liabilities for such pensions which according to ESA95/SNA93 are
not counted in the debt figures, but rather as a memorandum item to
the debt. Maastricht debt for European Union countries is shown in
Annex Table 62. For more details see OECD Economic Outlook Sources
and Methods (http://www.oecd.org/eco/sources-and-methods).
(1.) Includes the debt of the Belgium National Railways Company
(SNCB) from 2005 onwards.
(2.) Includes the debt of the Inherited Debt Fund from 1995
onwards.
(3.) Includes the debt of the Japan Railway Settlement Corporation
and the National Forest Special Account from 1998 onwards.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
StatLinik http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/368554008517
Annex Table 33. General government net financial liabilities
Per cent of nominal GDP
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Australia 10.3 11.2 15.6 21.3 25.7
Austria 33.7 33.5 34.6 39.1 41.2
Belgium (1) 107.0 108.1 113.2 115.1 114.4
Canada 43.7 50.5 59.1 64.2 67.9
Czech Republic .. .. .. .. ..
Denmark 22.5 25.7 28.1 31.1 31.5
Finland (2) -34.8 -33.4 -24.4 -15.9 -16.3
France 17.1 18.5 20.0 26.8 29.7
Germany (3) 20.5 8.7 15.1 18.5 19.3
Greece .. .. .. .. ..
Hungary .. -59.2 -47.4 -19.3 3.3
Iceland 19.0 19.7 26.5 34.6 37.6
Ireland .. .. .. .. ..
Italy 82.2 85.9 92.9 100.2 104.1
Japan (3) 14.4 12.6 13.9 17.2 20.0
Korea -16.5 -15.3 -14.7 -15.5 -16.1
Luxembourg .. .. .. .. ..
Netherlands 33.4 34.5 40.3 44.8 44.6
New Zealand .. .. .. .. 44.4
Norway -41.0 -37.4 -35.1 -32.0 -30.6
Poland .. .. .. .. ..
Portugal .. .. .. ..
Slovak Republic .. .. .. .. ..
Spain 33.7 35.7 37.0 45.4 46.1
Sweden -7.9 -5.0 4.6 10.5 20.7
Switzerland .. .. .. .. ..
United Kingdom 14.5 15.2 22.1 31.9 32.5
United States 45.2 48.9 52.4 54.9 54.5
Euro area 35.6 36.6 37.2 40.9 43.0
Total OECD 32.5 34.0 36.7 40.3 41.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Australia 26.3 20.9 21.1 16.0 14.9
Austria 45.4 47.2 42.9 41.3 41.6
Belgium (1) 114.6 115.2 111.0 106.9 102.5
Canada 70.7 70.0 64.7 60.8 55.8
Czech Republic .. .. .. .. ..
Denmark 36.0 36.2 33.8 36.3 30.6
Finland (2) -4.0 -6.7 -7.5 -14.5 -50.2
France 37.5 41.8 42.3 40.5 33.5
Germany (3) 30.3 33.2 33.0 36.7 35.2
Greece 81.4 81.8 77.1 72.8 70.4
Hungary 24.4 25.3 24.9 31.8 33.6
Iceland 39.5 39.3 37.3 31.3 24.4
Ireland .. .. .. 42.5 27.6
Italy 98.7 104.3 104.6 107.2 101.4
Japan (3) 24.1 29.3 34.8 46.2 53.8
Korea -17.4 -19.0 -21.5 -23.1 -23.9
Luxembourg -37.8 -41.0 -41.6 -46.7 -47.7
Netherlands 54.1 52.8 49.7 48.2 36.7
New Zealand 38.0 32.8 30.2 28.2 25.8
Norway -36.1 -41.5 -49.1 -52.3 -58.8
Poland -15.0 -5.7 0.3 6.3 13.4
Portugal 25.1 27.3 28.8 32.1 29.6
Slovak Republic -30.7 -18.3 -12.3 -3.9 0.9
Spain 50.7 54.7 53.4 52.4 46.4
Sweden 25.6 26.6 24.7 22.1 12.5
Switzerland .. .. 12.6
United Kingdom 38.3 40.4 42.6 44.0 39.4
United States 53.7 52.9 49.8 45.9 41.1
Euro area 46.5 51.7 53.2 53.4 50.3
Total OECD 42.3 44.3 44.2 44.1 41.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Australia 8.8 6.4 4.4 2.7 0.7
Austria 39.3 40.0 41.6 40.4 42.0
Belgium (1) 96.9 94.3 92.6 89.9 83.7
Canada 46.2 44.3 42.6 38.7 34.5
Czech Republic .. .. -15.9 -7.2 -9.4
Denmark 25.7 21.9 20.4 17.7 12.1
Finland (2) -31.1 -31.6 -31.5 -39.6 -45.9
France 35.1 36.7 41.8 44.2 45.3
Germany (3) 34.4 36.7 40.8 43.5 47.5
Greece 88.9 93.2 94.1 87.8 88.0
Hungary 31.9 32.0 36.7 37.3 41.7
Iceland 24.3 25.3 22.0 23.2 20.8
Ireland 16.9 13.2 14.3 11.7 9.2
Italy 96.4 96.5 96.0 93.1 92.7
Japan (3) 60.4 66.3 72.6 76.5 82.7
Korea -27.0 -30.0 -31.8 -30.0 -29.8
Luxembourg -50.8 -58.2 -55.6 -57.0 -52.2
Netherlands 34.9 33.0 34.9 36.2 37.6
New Zealand 23.7 21.4 17.1 11.1 4.9
Norway -68.8 -86.6 -82.7 -97.9 -106.6
Poland 15.5 18.5 22.1 22.7 20.8
Portugal 29.6 29.8 34.1 36.6 40.6
Slovak Republic 12.7 10.5 1.7 1.6 5.7
Spain 44.2 41.6 40.3 36.6 34.4
Sweden 5.5 1.3 6.5 3.3 0.7
Switzerland 11.4 10.9 15.7 15.9 17.7
United Kingdom 36.2 32.9 33.6 34.0 36.2
United States 36.4 35.3 38.2 41.1 42.9
Euro area 47.5 47.8 49.6 50.7 51.1
Total OECD 38.9 38.8 40.9 42.6 44.0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Australia -0.8 -4.1 -6.0 -6.7 -7.7
Austria 41.7 37.5 35.1 34.2 33.9
Belgium (1) 81.7 77.0 73.7 71.3 69.6
Canada 29.9 26.5 23.3 22.6 22.3
Czech Republic -11.2 -10.9 -13.2 -10.3 -8.3
Denmark 8.9 3.3 -2.5 -6.3 -9.1
Finland (2) -57.8 -67.2 -71.1 -72.0 -72.8
France 43.2 37.5 34.0 35.6 37.2
Germany (3) 49.8 48.1 44.5 43.2 42.2
Greece 83.8 76.4 68.6 65.8 63.8
Hungary 46.1 51.7 53.1 53.6 53.9
Iceland 9.4 7.8 1.9 -0.5 0.6
Ireland 7.0 1.7 1.3 2.6 5.0
Italy 94.2 92.1 90.7 90.7 90.5
Japan (3) 84.6 84.6 85.9 86.8 87.6
Korea -34.3 -35.3 -37.8 -40.4 -42.5
Luxembourg -49.0 -44.8 -44.9 -44.7 -43.5
Netherlands 35.3 31.9 29.1 27.0 24.4
New Zealand -1.6 -7.6 -12.1 -14.0 -15.3
Norway -124.9 -140.5 -150.0 -152.9 -164.8
Poland 21.8 20.4 20.9 21.3 21.8
Portugal 43.4 42.6 43.3 43.7 44.1
Slovak Republic 1.7 4.0 5.7 7.3 8.2
Spain 30.2 24.9 21.0 19.4 19.1
Sweden -4.1 -16.1 -20.9 -23.1 -24.8
Switzerland 16.7 15.2 13.7 12.7 12.3
United Kingdom 29.9 29.6 30.4 32.9 35.4
United States 43.6 43.1 43.8 48.0 51.9
Euro area 51.1 48.2 44.8 43.2 43.0
Total OECD 43.6 42.1 41.2 42.4 43.9
Note: Net debt measures are not always comparable across countries
due to different definitions or treatment of debt (and asset)
components. First, the treatment of government liabilities in
respect of their employee pension plans may be different (see note
to Annex Table 32). Second, a range of items included as general
government assets differs across countries. For example, equity
holdings are excluded from government assets in some countries
whereas foreign exchange, gold and SDR holdings are considered as
assets in the United States and the United Kingdom. For details
see OECD Economic Outlook Sources and Methods
(http://www.oecd.org/eco/sources-and-methods).
(1.) Includes the debt of the Belgium National Railways Company
(SNCB) from 2005 onwards.
(2.) From 1995 onwards housing corporation shares are no longer
classified as financial assets.
(3.) Includes the debt of the Inherited Debt Fund from 1995
onwards.
(4.) Includes the debt of the Japan Railway Settlement Corporation
and the National Forest Special Account from 1998 onwards.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
StatLink http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/368571075788
Annex Table 34. Short-term interest rates
Per cent, per annum
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Australia 5.2 5.7 7.7 7.2 5.4
Austria 7.0 5.1 4.6 3.4 3.5
Belgium 8.2 5.7 4.8 3.2 3.4
Canada 5.0 5.5 7.1 4.5 3.6
Czech Republic 13.1 9.1 10.9 12.0 16.0
Denmark 10.4 6.1 6.1 3.9 3.7
Finland 7.8 5.4 5.8 3.6 3.2
France 8.6 5.8 6.6 3.9 3.5
Germany 7.3 5.4 4.5 3.3 3.3
Greece 21.3 19.3 15.5 12.8 10.4
Hungary 17.2 26.9 32.0 24.0 20.1
Iceland 8.8 4.9 7.0 7.0 7.1
Ireland 9.1 5.9 6.2 5.4 6.1
Italy 10.2 8.5 10.5 8.8 6.9
Japan 3.0 2.2 1.2 0.6 0.6
Korea 13.0 13.3 14.1 12.6 13.4
Luxembourg 8.2 5.7 4.8 3.2 3.4
Mexico 15.5 14.6 48.2 32.9 21.3
Netherlands 6.9 5.2 4.4 3.0 3.3
New Zealand 6.3 6.7 9.0 9.3 7.7
Norway 7.3 5.9 5.5 4.9 3.7
Poland 34.9 31.8 27.7 21.3 23.1
Portugal 12.5 11.1 9.8 7.4 5.7
Slovak Republic .. .. 8.4 12.0 22.4
Spain 11.7 8.0 9.4 7.5 5.4
Sweden 8.4 7.4 8.7 5.8 4.1
Switzerland 4.9 4.2 2.9 2.0 1.6
Turkey .. .. .. .. ..
United Kingdom 5.9 5.5 6.7 6.0 6.8
United States 3.2 4.7 6.0 5.4 5.7
Euro area 8.6 6.3 6.5 4.8 4.3
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Australia 5.0 5.0 6.2 4.9 4.7
Austria 3.6
Belgium 3.6
Canada 5.1 4.9 5.7 4.0 2.6
Czech Republic 14.3 6.9 5.4 5.2 3.5
Denmark 4.1 3.3 4.9 4.6 3.5
Finland 3.6
France 3.6
Germany 3.5
Greece 11.6 8.9 4.4
Hungary 18.0 14.7 11.0 10.8 8.9
Iceland 7.5 9.3 11.2 12.0 9.0
Ireland 5.4
Italy 5.0
Japan 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1
Korea 15.2 6.8 7.1 5.3 4.8
Luxembourg 3.6
Mexico 26.2 22.4 16.2 12.2 7.5
Netherlands 3.5
New Zealand 7.3 4.8 6.5 5.7 5.7
Norway 5.8 6.5 6.7 7.2 6.9
Poland 19.9 14.7 18.9 15.7 8.8
Portugal 4.3
Slovak Republic 21.1 15.7 8.6 7.8 7.8
Spain 4.2
Sweden 4.2 3.1 4.0 4.0 4.1
Switzerland 1.5 1.4 3.2 2.9 1.1
Turkey .. .. 38.9 92.4 59.5
United Kingdom 7.3 5.4 6.1 5.0 4.0
United States 5.5 5.4 6.5 3.7 1.8
Euro area 3.9 3.0 4.4 4.3 3.3
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Australia 4.9 5.5 5.6 6.0 6.7
Austria
Belgium
Canada 3.0 2.3 2.8 4.2 4.6
Czech Republic 2.3 2.4 2.0 2.3 3.1
Denmark 2.4 2.1 2.2 3.1 4.3
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary 8.2 11.3 7.0 6.9 7.6
Iceland 5.3 6.3 9.4 12.4 14.3
Ireland
Italy
Japan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.7
Korea 4.3 3.8 3.6 4.5 5.2
Luxembourg
Mexico 6.5 7.1 9.3 7.3 7.4
Netherlands
New Zealand 5.4 6.1 7.1 7.5 8.3
Norway 4.1 2.0 2.2 3.1 5.0
Poland 5.7 6.2 5.2 4.2 4.8
Portugal
Slovak Republic 6.2 4.7 2.9 4.3 4.3
Spain
Sweden 3.0 2.1 1.7 2.3 3.6
Switzerland 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.6 2.6
Turkey 38.5 23.8 15.6 17.9 18.3
United Kingdom 3.7 4.6 4.7 4.8 6.0
United States 1.2 1.6 3.5 5.2 5.3
Euro area 2.3 2.1 2.2 3.1 4.3
Fourth quarter
2008 2009 2007 2008 2009
Australia 7.5 7.0 7.1 7.3 6.7
Austria
Belgium
Canada 2.9 2.9 4.8 2.4 3.4
Czech Republic 4.2 4.2 3.8 4.2 4.2
Denmark 4.6 4.2 4.6 4.6 4.2
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary 8.1 7.7 7.3 8.2 7.3
Iceland 15.3 15.3 14.2 15.9 14.6
Ireland
Italy
Japan 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8
Korea 5.4 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.9
Luxembourg
Mexico 7.3 6.8 7.5 7.1 6.8
Netherlands
New Zealand 8.8 8.2 8.8 8.8 7.8
Norway 6.2 6.1 5.8 6.4 6.1
Poland 6.5 7.2 5.5 7.2 7.2
Portugal
Slovak Republic 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.1
Spain
Sweden 4.3 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.3
Switzerland 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.8 3.0
Turkey 18.9 17.3 16.7 18.5 16.5
United Kingdom 5.6 4.4 6.3 5.3 4.3
United States 2.7 3.1 5.0 2.5 4.0
Euro area 4.5 4.1 4.7 4.4 4.1
Note: Three-month money market rates where available, or rates
on proximately similar financial instruments. See OECD Economic
Outlook Sources and Methods
(http://www.oecd.org/eco/sources-and-methods). Individual euro
area countries are not shown after 1998 (2000 for Greece) since
their short term interest rates are equal to the euro area rate.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
StatLink http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/368573811541
Annex Table 35. Long-term interest rates
Per cent, per annum
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Australia 7.4 8.9 9.2 8.2 7.0
Austria 6.7 7.0 7.1 6.3 5.7
Belgium 7.2 7.7 7.4 6.3 5.6
Canada 7.2 8.4 8.2 7.2 6.1
Czech Republic .. .. .. .. ..
Denmark 7.3 7.8 8.3 7.2 6.3
Finland 8.8 9.0 8.8 7.1 6.0
France 6.8 7.2 7.5 6.3 5.6
Germany 6.5 6.9 6.9 6.2 5.7
Greece .. .. .. .. 9.8
Hungary .. .. .. .. ..
Iceland 13.4 7.0 9.7 9.2 8.7
Ireland 7.6 8.0 8.2 7.2 6.3
Italy 11.2 10.5 12.2 9.4 6.9
Japan 4.3 4.4 3.4 3.1 2.4
Korea 12.1 12.3 12.4 10.9 11.7
Luxembourg .. 7.2 7.2 6.3 5.6
Mexico 15.6 13.8 39.9 34.4 22.4
Netherlands 6.4 6.9 6.9 6.2 5.6
New Zealand 6.9 7.6 7.8 7.9 7.2
Norway 6.9 7.4 7.4 6.8 5.9
Portugal 10.5 11.5 8.6 6.4
Slovak Republic .. .. .. 9.7 9.4
Spain 10.2 10.0 11.3 8.7 6.4
Sweden 8.5 9.5 10.2 8.0 6.6
Switzerland 4.6 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.4
Turkey .. .. .. .. ..
United Kingdom 7.5 8.1 8.2 7.8 7.1
United States 5.9 7.1 6.6 6.4 6.4
Euro area 7.8 8.0 8.4 7.1 6.0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Australia 7.4 8.9 9.2 8.2 7.0
Austria 6.7 7.0 7.1 6.3 5.7
Belgium 7.2 7.7 7.4 6.3 5.6
Canada 7.2 8.4 8.2 7.2 6.1
Czech Republic .. .. .. .. ..
Denmark 7.3 7.8 8.3 7.2 6.3
Finland 8.8 9.0 8.8 7.1 6.0
France 6.8 7.2 7.5 6.3 5.6
Germany 6.5 6.9 6.9 6.2 5.7
Greece .. .. .. .. 9.8
Hungary .. .. .. .. ..
Iceland 13.4 7.0 9.7 9.2 8.7
Ireland 7.6 8.0 8.2 7.2 6.3
Italy 11.2 10.5 12.2 9.4 6.9
Japan 4.3 4.4 3.4 3.1 2.4
Korea 12.1 12.3 12.4 10.9 11.7
Luxembourg .. 7.2 7.2 6.3 5.6
Mexico 15.6 13.8 39.9 34.4 22.4
Netherlands 6.4 6.9 6.9 6.2 5.6
New Zealand 6.9 7.6 7.8 7.9 7.2
Norway 6.9 7.4 7.4 6.8 5.9
Portugal 10.5 11.5 8.6 6.4
Slovak Republic .. .. .. 9.7 9.4
Spain 10.2 10.0 11.3 8.7 6.4
Sweden 8.5 9.5 10.2 8.0 6.6
Switzerland 4.6 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.4
Turkey .. .. .. .. ..
United Kingdom 7.5 8.1 8.2 7.8 7.1
United States 5.9 7.1 6.6 6.4 6.4
Euro area 7.8 8.0 8.4 7.1 6.0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Australia 5.5 6.0 6.3 5.6 5.8
Austria 4.7 4.7 5.6 5.1 5.0
Belgium 4.7 4.7 5.6 5.1 4.9
Canada 5.3 5.5 5.9 5.5 5.3
Czech Republic .. .. .. 6.3 4.9
Denmark 5.0 4.9 5.7 5.1 5.1
Finland 4.8 4.7 5.5 5.0 5.0
France 4.6 4.6 5.4 4.9 4.9
Germany 4.6 4.5 5.3 4.8 4.8
Greece 8.5 6.3 6.1 5.3 5.1
Hungary .. .. 8.6 7.9 7.1
Iceland 7.7 8.5 11.2 10.4 8.0
Ireland 4.7 4.8 5.5 5.0 5.0
Italy 4.9 4.7 5.6 5.2 5.0
Japan 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3
Korea 12.8 8.7 8.5 6.9 6.6
Luxembourg 4.7 4.7 5.5 4.9 4.7
Mexico 24.8 24.1 16.9 13.8 8.5
Netherlands 4.6 4.6 5.4 5.0 4.9
New Zealand 6.3 6.4 6.9 6.4 6.5
Norway 5.4 5.5 6.2 6.2 6.4
Portugal 4.9 4.8 5.6 5.2 5.0
Slovak Republic 21.7 16.2 9.8 8.0 6.9
Spain 4.8 4.7 5.5 5.1 5.0
Sweden 5.0 5.0 5.4 5.1 5.3
Switzerland 3.0 3.0 3.9 3.4 3.2
Turkey .. .. 37.7 99.6 63.5
United Kingdom 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.9 4.9
United States 5.3 5.6 6.0 5.0 4.6
Euro area 4.8 4.7 5.4 5.0 4.9
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Australia 5.4 5.6 5.3 5.6 6.0
Austria 4.2 4.2 3.4 3.8 4.3
Belgium 4.1 4.1 3.4 3.8 4.3
Canada 4.8 4.6 4.1 4.2 4.3
Czech Republic 4.1 4.8 3.5 3.8 4.3
Denmark 4.3 4.3 3.4 3.8 4.3
Finland 4.1 4.1 3.4 3.8 4.3
France 4.1 4.1 3.4 3.8 4.3
Germany 4.1 4.0 3.4 3.8 4.2
Greece 4.3 4.3 3.6 4.1 4.5
Hungary 6.8 8.3 6.6 7.1 6.7
Iceland 6.7 7.5 7.7 9.3 9.8
Ireland 4.1 4.1 3.3 3.8 4.3
Italy 4.3 4.3 3.6 4.0 4.5
Japan 1.0 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.7
Korea 5.0 4.7 5.0 5.2 5.4
Luxembourg 3.3 2.8 2.4 3.3 4.4
Mexico 7.4 7.7 9.3 7.5 7.6
Netherlands 4.1 4.1 3.4 3.8 4.3
New Zealand 5.9 6.1 5.9 5.8 6.3
Norway 5.0 4.4 3.7 4.1 4.8
Portugal 4.2 4.1 3.4 3.9 4.4
Slovak Republic 5.0 5.0 3.5 4.4 4.5
Spain 4.1 4.1 3.4 3.8 4.3
Sweden 4.6 4.4 3.4 3.7 4.2
Switzerland 2.7 2.7 2.1 2.5 2.9
Turkey 44.1 24.9 16.2 18.0 18.3
United Kingdom 4.5 4.9 4.4 4.5 5.0
United States 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.8 4.6
Euro area 4.1 4.1 3.4 3.8 4.3
Fourth quarter
2008 2009 2007 2008 2009
Australia 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.1
Austria 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.4
Belgium 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4
Canada 3.8 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.4
Czech Republic 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.8
Denmark 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.4
Finland 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.5
France 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.4
Germany 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.3
Greece 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
Hungary 7.7 7.1 6.8 7.6 6.8
Iceland 11.4 10.3 10.3 11.7 9.5
Ireland 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4
Italy 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.6
Japan 1.7 2.1 1.5 1.9 2.2
Korea 5.0 5.8 5.7 5.0 6.3
Luxembourg 4.1 3.9 4.6 3.9 3.9
Mexico 7.5 7.0 7.8 7.4 7.0
Netherlands 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4
New Zealand 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.5
Norway 4.5 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.4
Portugal 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.5
Slovak Republic 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.5
Spain 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3
Sweden 4.5 4.9 4.3 4.9 4.9
Switzerland 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.4
Turkey 18.8 17.2 16.4 18.4 16.4
United Kingdom 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.9
United States 3.9 4.4 4.3 4.1 4.5
Euro area 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.4
Note: 10-year benchmark government bond yields where available or
yield on proximately similar financial instruments (for Korea a
5-year bond is used). See also OECD Economic Outlook Sources and
Methods (http://www.oecd.org/eco/sources-and-methods).
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
StatLink http://10.1787/368603443306
Annex Table 36. Nominal exchange rates (vis-a-vis the US dollar)
Average of daily
rates
Monetary
unit 1997 1998 1999 1999
Australia Dollar 1.348 1.592 1.550 1.550
Austria Schilling 12.20 12.38 12.91
Belgium Franc 35.76 36.30 37.86
Canada Dollar 1.385 1.483 1.486 1.486
Czech Republic Koruny 31.70 32.28 34.59 34.59
Denmark Krone 6.604 6.699 6.980 6.980
Finland Markka 5.187 5.345 5.580
France Franc 5.837 5.899 6.157
Germany Deutschemark 1.734 1.759 1.836
Greece Drachma 272.9 295.3 305.7
Hungary Forint 186.6 214.3 237.1 237.1
Iceland Krona 70.97 71.17 72.43 72.43
Ireland Pound 0.660 0.703 0.739
Italy Lira 1703 1736 1817
Japan Yen 121.0 130.9 113.9 113.9
Korea Won 950.5 1400.5 1186.7 1186.7
Luxembourg Franc 35.76 36.30 37.86
Mexico Peso 7.924 9.153 9.553 9.553
Netherlands Guilder 1.951 1.983 2.068
New Zealand Dollar 1.513 1.869 1.892 1.892
Norway Krone 7.072 7.545 7.797 7.797
Poland Zloty 3.277 3.492 3.964 3.964
Portugal Escudo 175.2 180.1 188.2
Slovak Republic Koruna 33.6 35.23 41.36 41.36
Spain Peseta 146.4 149.4 156.2
Sweden Krona 7.635 7.947 8.262 8.262
Switzerland Franc 1.450 1.450 1.503 1.503
Turkey Lira 0.152 0.260 0.419 0.419
United Kingdom Pound 0.611 0.604 0.618 0.618
United States Dollar 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Euro area Euro ... ... ... 0.938
SDR 0.726 0.737 0.731 0.731
Average of daily rates
Monetary
unit 1999 2001 2002 2003
Australia Dollar 1.727 1.935 1.841 1.542
Austria Schilling
Belgium Franc
Canada Dollar 1.485 1.548 1.570 1.400
Czech Republic Koruny 38.64 38.02 32.73 28.13
Denmark Krone 8.088 8.321 7.884 6.577
Finland Markka
France Franc
Germany Deutschemark
Greece Drachma
Hungary Forint 282.3 286.5 257.9 224.3
Iceland Krona 78.84 97.67 91.59 76.69
Ireland Pound
Italy Lira
Japan Yen 107.8 121.5 125.3 115.9
Korea Won 1130.6 1290.4 1251.0 1191.0
Luxembourg Franc
Mexico Peso 9.453 9.344 9.660 10.790
Netherlands Guilder
New Zealand Dollar 2.205 2.382 2.163 1.724
Norway Krone 8.797 8.993 7.986 7.078
Poland Zloty 4.346 4.097 4.082 3.888
Portugal Escudo
Slovak Republic Koruna 46.23 48.35 45.30 36.76
Spain Peseta
Sweden Krona 9.161 10.338 9.721 8.078
Switzerland Franc 1.688 1.687 1.557 1.345
Turkey Lira 0.624 1.228 1.512 1.503
United Kingdom Pound 0.661 0.694 0.667 0.612
United States Dollar 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Euro area Euro 1.085 1.117 1.061 0.885
SDR 0.758 0.785 0.773 0.714
Average of daily rates
Estimates
and
assumptions
(1)
Monetary
unit 2004 2005 2006 2007
Australia Dollar 1.359 1.313 1.328 1.195
Austria Schilling
Belgium Franc
Canada Dollar 1.301 1.212 1.134 1.074
Czech Republic Koruny 25.69 23.95 22.59 20.29
Denmark Krone 5.988 5.996 5.943 5.443
Finland Markka
France Franc
Germany Deutschemark
Greece Drachma
Hungary Forint 202.6 199.5 210.4 183.6
Iceland Krona 70.19 62.88 69.90 64.07
Ireland Pound
Italy Lira
Japan Yen 108.1 110.1 116.4 117.8
Korea Won 1145.2 1024.2 951.8 929.5
Luxembourg Franc
Mexico Peso 11.281 10.890 10.903 10.929
Netherlands Guilder
New Zealand Dollar 1.509 1.421 1.542 1.361
Norway Krone 6.739 6.441 6.415 5.858
Poland Zloty 3.651 3.234 3.103 2.765
Portugal Escudo
Slovak Republic Koruna 32.23 31.04 29.65 24.68
Spain Peseta
Sweden Krona 7.346 7.472 7.373 6.758
Switzerland Franc 1.243 1.246 1.253 1.200
Turkey Lira 1.426 1.341 1.430 1.300
United Kingdom Pound 0.546 0.550 0.543 0.500
United States Dollar 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Euro area Euro 0.805 0.805 0.797 0.730
SDR 0.675 0.677 0.680 0.653
Average of daily rates
Estimates and assumptions (1)
Monetary
unit 2008 2009
Australia Dollar 1.071 1.058
Austria Schilling
Belgium Franc
Canada Dollar 1.007 1.007
Czech Republic Koruny 16.31 16.073
Denmark Krone 4.848 4.814
Finland Markka
France Franc
Germany Deutschemark
Greece Drachma
Hungary Forint 164.3 161.4
Iceland Krona 75.61 78.88
Ireland Pound
Italy Lira
Japan Yen 104.5 104.4
Korea Won 1017.3 1044.9
Luxembourg Franc
Mexico Peso 10.585 10.511
Netherlands Guilder
New Zealand Dollar 1.289 1.300
Norway Krone 5.116 5.045
Poland Zloty 2.235 2.184
Portugal Escudo
Slovak Republic Koruna 20.87 20.448
Spain Peseta
Sweden Krona 6.055 5.983
Switzerland Franc 1.049 1.046
Turkey Lira 1.240 1.248
United Kingdom Pound 0.509 0.510
United States Dollar 1.000 1.000
Euro area Euro 0.649 0.644
SDR 0.619 0.618
Note: No rate are shown for individual euro area countries
after 1999.
(1.) On the technical assumption that exchange rates remain
at their levels of 13 May 2008.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 37. Effective exchange rates
Indices 2000 = 100, average of daily rates
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Australia 107.2 103.9 113.9 115.4 107.4
Austria 97.8 102.5 101.5 99.6 101.6
Belgium 102.2 107.9 106.2 102.0 104.4
Canada 102.8 102.0 103.9 104.3 99.4
Czech Republic 98.1 98.8 100.4 97.4 99.1
Denmark 100.5 105.7 104.7 102.3 104.9
Finland 90.1 103.6 101.1 98.9 101.7
France 100.4 104.5 104.9 102.1 104.5
Germany 98.5 106.0 104.5 100.9 104.6
Greece 115.1 113.8 111.9 109.9 106.6
Hungary 192.8 153.0 130.3 120.7 109.3
Iceland 92.9 93.3 92.8 94.8 97.4
Ireland 109.2 111.2 114.1 113.9 110.5
Italy 99.1 91.3 100.5 101.8 104.0
Japan 86.4 92.5 80.6 77.1 80.0
Korea 119.1 119.5 121.4 112.4 81.3
Luxembourg 102.0 105.4 104.3 102.0 103.0
Mexico 263.8 138.6 117.7 115.5 102.6
Netherlands 101.8 108.8 107.3 102.1 105.7
New Zealand 109.4 116.9 124.3 127.3 114.3
Norway 100.8 104.5 104.6 105.6 102.4
Poland 139.2 122.7 114.4 106.3 104.0
Portugal 101.7 104.9 104.5 103.1 103.0
Slovak Republic 97.1 100.4 101.3 106.0 105.9
Spain 105.7 106.0 107.1 102.8 104.0
Sweden 93.6 94.0 103.5 100.2 99.9
Switzerland 95.6 104.0 102.7 96.9 101.0
Turkey 1 719 990.8 581.1 345.5 207.8
United Kingdom 79.0 76.4 78.1 91.1 97.0
United States 76.9 78.5 82.9 88.8 98.0
Euro area 100.8 109.5 111.7 104.6 110.8
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Australia 107.6 100.0 93.7 97.2 108.6
Austria 102.3 100.0 100.4 101.0 104.4
Belgium 104.1 100.0 101.2 103.0 108.3
Canada 99.1 100.0 97.0 95.5 105.5
Czech Republic 98.7 100.0 105.0 117.0 116.7
Denmark 104.2 100.0 101.8 103.3 108.1
Finland 104.7 100.0 102.1 104.2 110.3
France 103.8 100.0 100.9 102.5 107.4
Germany 104.5 100.0 101.2 103.1 109.4
Greece 107.0 100.0 101.0 102.8 107.8
Hungary 105.4 100.0 101.9 108.9 108.3
Iceland 99.0 100.0 85.2 87.9 92.0
Ireland 107.3 100.0 101.2 103.6 112.6
Italy 103.8 100.0 101.3 103.2 108.3
Japan 91.9 100.0 92.3 88.4 91.5
Korea 93.3 100.0 92.4 95.4 94.8
Luxembourg 102.8 100.0 100.4 101.5 104.9
Mexico 97.9 100.0 102.8 99.7 87.1
Netherlands 105.4 100.0 101.4 103.7 110.8
New Zealand 110.3 100.0 98.7 106.8 121.5
Norway 102.2 100.0 103.3 112.1 109.7
Poland 97.0 100.0 110.2 105.4 94.8
Portugal 102.4 100.0 100.9 102.0 104.8
Slovak Republic 98.3 100.0 97.6 98.0 103.6
Spain 103.1 100.0 101.1 102.5 106.3
Sweden 99.7 100.0 91.9 94.1 99.5
Switzerland 101.8 100.0 104.0 109.3 111.1
Turkey 137.2 100.0 56.3 41.8 36.8
United Kingdom 97.4 100.0 99.0 100.2 96.3
United States 97.6 100.0 105.3 105.8 99.6
Euro area 109.9 100.0 102.5 106.4 119.3
Estimates and
assumptions
(1)
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Australia 117.1 120.0 118.3 125.7 131.8
Austria 105.5 104.7 104.8 105.4 106.2
Belgium 110.2 109.7 109.8 111.3 114.4
Canada 112.0 119.8 127.7 133.6 139.3
Czech Republic 117.0 124.3 130.5 133.3 148.3
Denmark 109.5 108.6 108.4 109.8 112.3
Finland 112.4 111.5 111.3 113.0 116.7
France 109.0 108.4 108.5 109.9 112.4
Germany 111.6 110.3 110.3 111.8 114.3
Greece 109.5 108.5 108.6 110.1 113.3
Hungary 110.4 111.1 104.0 110.0 110.7
Iceland 93.1 103.5 92.7 93.7 73.2
Ireland 115.1 114.9 115.1 118.1 125.1
Italy 110.1 109.2 109.3 110.7 113.1
Japan 95.3 92.4 85.4 80.5 86.4
Korea 94.8 105.6 113.9 113.2 96.2
Luxembourg 106.1 105.5 105.5 106.6 108.2
Mexico 81.9 84.3 83.8 82.2 82.9
Netherlands 113.4 112.7 112.6 114.7 118.2
New Zealand 129.7 135.8 125.4 133.9 130.7
Norway 106.0 110.6 109.9 111.6 116.4
Poland 92.7 103.6 106.8 110.4 122.5
Portugal 105.5 104.9 105.0 105.7 107.1
Slovak Republic 108.0 110.1 113.4 125.0 130.6
Spain 107.5 106.9 107.0 108.0 110.3
Sweden 101.3 98.7 99.1 100.2 101.8
Switzerland 111.5 110.6 108.9 106.0 110.8
Turkey 35.9 37.7 35.1 35.9 34.3
United Kingdom 100.8 99.3 99.8 101.4 90.8
United States 95.1 92.6 91.0 87.0 81.4
Euro area 123.8 121.8 121.9 125.6 132.5
Estimates and
assumptions
(1)
2009
Australia 132.9
Austria 106.2
Belgium 114.7
Canada 139.2
Czech Republic 149.3
Denmark 112.4
Finland 117.0
France 112.6
Germany 114.4
Greece 113.6
Hungary 111.9
Iceland 69.4
Ireland 125.5
Italy 113.3
Japan 86.2
Korea 93.0
Luxembourg 108.3
Mexico 83.4
Netherlands 118.4
New Zealand 128.7
Norway 117.4
Poland 124.4
Portugal 107.2
Slovak Republic 132.0
Spain 110.4
Sweden 102.3
Switzerland 110.5
Turkey 33.8
United Kingdom 90.0
United States 81.1
Euro area 132.9
Note: For details on the method of calculation,
see the section on exchange rates and competitiveness
indicators in OECD Economic Outlook Sources and Methods
(http://www.oecd.org/eco/sources-and-methods).
(1.) On the technical assumption that exchange rates
remain at their levels of 13 May 2008.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 38. Export volumes of goods and services
National accounts basis, percentage changes from previous year
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Australia 8.4 13.1 5.5 8.4 9.3
Austria 7.5 4.3 1.2 -1.5 5.4
Belgium 4.6 3.1 3.7 -0.4 8.3
Canada 4.7 1.8 7.2 10.8 12.7
Czech Republic ... ... ... ... 0.2
Denmark 6.7 6.5 0.5 1.0 8.4
Finland 1.8 -7.2 9.4 16.4 13.5
France (1) 5.0 5.7 5.5 0.5 8.2
Germany 12.4 11.1 -2.0 -4.8 8.1
Greece -3.5 4.1 10.0 -2.6 7.4
Hungary ... ... ... ... 13.7
Iceland 0.0 -5.9 -2.0 6.5 9.3
Ireland 8.7 5.7 13.9 9.7 15.1
Italy 6.3 -2.1 6.0 8.9 10.2
Japan 6.7 4.1 3.9 -0.1 3.6
Korea 4.5 11.1 12.2 12.2 16.3
Luxembourg 5.6 9.2 2.7 4.8 7.7
Mexico 5.1 5.1 5.0 8.1 17.7
Netherlands 5.7 6.6 2.9 4.0 8.7
New Zealand 4.8 10.6 3.8 4.8 9.9
Norway 8.6 6.1 4.8 3.1 8.4
Poland ... ... ... ... 13.1
Portugal 9.5 1.2 3.2 -3.3 8.4
Slovak Republic ... ... ... ... 14.8
Spain 4.7 8.3 7.5 7.8 16.7
Sweden 1.8 -1.9 2.2 8.3 13.6
Switzerland 3.0 -1.1 3.3 1.4 1.9
Turkey 2.6 3.7 11.0 7.7 15.2
United Kingdom 5.5 -0.1 4.4 4.4 9.2
United States (1) 9.0 6.6 6.9 3.2 8.7
Total OECD 6.9 4.9 4.5 2.9 8.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Australia 5.0 10.7 12.0 0.1 4.4
Austria 6.2 4.9 11.8 8.1 6.4
Belgium 5.0 2.9 6.0 5.9 5.2
Canada 8.5 5.6 8.3 9.1 10.7
Czech Republic 16.7 5.7 8.2 10.4 4.8
Denmark 3.1 4.2 4.9 4.1 11.6
Finland 8.6 5.8 14.0 9.3 11.1
France (1) 8.9 3.3 13.2 8.1 4.2
Germany 6.6 6.2 11.8 7.5 5.6
Greece 3.0 3.5 20.0 5.3 18.1
Hungary 36.4 11.9 22.5 17.4 12.3
Iceland -2.3 9.9 5.6 2.5 4.0
Ireland 20.0 12.5 17.6 23.1 15.5
Italy 12.7 -0.3 3.9 0.7 -1.8
Japan 4.3 5.9 11.1 -2.7 1.9
Korea 24.4 12.2 21.6 12.7 14.6
Luxembourg 4.6 2.1 11.4 11.0 14.2
Mexico 30.2 18.2 10.6 12.3 12.3
Netherlands 9.2 4.4 10.9 6.8 8.7
New Zealand 3.8 3.8 3.9 1.5 7.9
Norway 5.0 10.0 7.8 0.7 2.8
Poland 22.9 12.8 12.2 14.4 -2.4
Portugal 8.8 5.7 6.1 8.5 3.0
Slovak Republic 4.5 -1.4 10.0 21.0 12.2
Spain 9.4 10.3 15.0 8.0 7.5
Sweden 11.0 4.5 13.1 8.5 7.5
Switzerland 0.6 3.7 11.2 4.3 6.5
Turkey 8.0 22.0 19.1 12.0 -10.7
United Kingdom 9.5 8.9 8.2 3.0 3.8
United States (1) 10.1 8.4 11.9 2.4 4.3
Total OECD 9.2 6.7 10.9 5.1 5.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Australia 10.2 2.2 0.2 -1.6 4.6
Austria 10.6 6.9 3.8 2.7 7.8
Belgium 8.7 0.9 0.8 2.9 6.3
Canada 8.9 -3.0 1.2 -2.3 4.8
Czech Republic 17.9 11.0 1.9 7.2 20.2
Denmark 12.7 3.1 4.1 -0.9 2.8
Finland 17.3 2.1 2.8 -1.7 8.6
France (1) 13.1 2.5 1.2 -0.7 3.0
Germany 14.1 6.8 4.3 2.4 9.2
Greece 14.1 -2.7 -7.7 2.5 12.6
Hungary 22.0 8.1 3.9 6.2 15.6
Iceland 4.2 7.4 3.8 1.6 8.4
Ireland 20.2 8.8 5.2 0.4 7.3
Italy 9.6 0.3 -4.0 -2.5 3.8
Japan 12.7 -6.9 7.5 9.2 13.9
Korea 19.1 -2.7 13.3 15.6 19.6
Luxembourg 12.8 4.4 2.1 5.0 9.7
Mexico 16.3 -3.5 1.4 2.7 11.7
Netherlands 13.5 1.9 0.9 1.5 7.9
New Zealand 7.0 3.3 6.4 2.2 6.0
Norway 3.2 4.3 -0.3 -0.2 1.1
Poland 23.1 3.1 4.8 14.2 14.0
Portugal 8.4 1.8 1.5 3.9 4.0
Slovak Republic 8.9 6.8 5.4 15.9 7.4
Spain 10.2 4.2 2.0 3.7 4.2
Sweden 11.4 0.9 1.1 3.8 10.8
Switzerland 12.5 0.5 -0.1 -0.5 7.9
Turkey 16.0 3.9 6.9 6.9 11.2
United Kingdom 9.1 2.9 1.0 1.7 4.9
United States (1) 8.7 -5.4 -2.3 1.3 9.7
Total OECD 11.6 0.0 1.8 2.6 8.6
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Australia 2.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 6.6
Austria 6.8 7.7 8.6 6.5 6.2
Belgium 4.1 2.6 3.8 3.2 4.3
Canada 2.2 0.7 0.9 -2.6 1.8
Czech Republic 12.0 15.0 14.5 11.9 11.4
Denmark 8.2 9.0 3.7 3.6 3.6
Finland 7.0 11.8 4.8 3.5 3.7
France (1) 3.6 5.6 3.2 4.5 3.0
Germany 7.4 12.9 8.0 6.3 5.1
Greece 2.7 5.1 5.9 5.5 6.0
Hungary 11.5 18.9 14.1 10.8 11.1
Iceland 7.2 -5.0 18.1 6.5 4.9
Ireland 5.2 4.5 8.2 5.0 3.8
Italy 1.8 6.5 4.5 1.8 3.1
Japan 7.0 9.7 8.6 10.3 5.3
Korea 8.5 11.8 12.1 8.6 9.2
Luxembourg 6.4 9.7 5.5 5.0 4.0
Mexico 7.0 11.1 5.5 4.4 3.9
Netherlands 5.9 7.0 6.4 4.2 3.0
New Zealand -0.4 1.7 3.6 3.2 4.2
Norway 1.1 0.4 3.2 1.9 2.6
Poland 7.9 14.6 8.5 9.6 8.0
Portugal 2.0 9.2 7.1 4.0 5.3
Slovak Republic 13.9 21.0 16.0 13.4 9.0
Spain 2.6 5.1 5.3 4.3 4.6
Sweden 7.0 8.6 5.9 5.4 5.3
Switzerland 7.3 9.9 9.9 3.1 4.2
Turkey 7.9 6.6 6.7 6.3 4.9
United Kingdom 8.2 10.7 -5.3 1.8 4.6
United States (1) 6.9 8.4 8.1 7.4 7.0
Total OECD 6.1 8.5 6.1 5.6 5.3
Note: Regional aggregates are calculated inclusive of
intra-regional trade as the sum of volumes expressed in 2000 $.
(1.) Volume data use hedonic price deflators for certain components.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 39. Import volumes of goods and services
National accounts basis, percentage changes from previous year
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Australia -4.0 -2.5 7.1 4.4 14.3
Austria 7.0 5.1 2.1 -5.2 9.9
Belgium 4.9 2.9 4.1 -0.4 7.3
Canada 2.0 2.5 4.7 7.4 8.1
Czech Republic ... ... ... ... 7.8
Denmark 2.3 3.6 0.1 -1.1 12.8
Finland -0.7 -13.4 0.6 1.3 13.0
France (1) 5.4 2.6 1.4 -2.9 8.6
Germany 11.8 10.9 1.7 -4.6 8.3
Greece 8.4 5.8 1.1 0.6 1.5
Hungary ... ... ... ... 8.8
Iceland 1.0 5.3 -6.0 -7.5 3.8
Ireland 5.1 2.4 8.2 7.5 15.5
Italy 9.0 2.2 5.9 -11.5 8.5
Japan 7.8 -1.1 -0.7 -1.4 7.9
Korea 13.8 18.6 5.4 6.0 21.3
Luxembourg 5.0 9.1 -3.1 5.2 6.7
Mexico 19.5 15.3 19.9 1.9 21.2
Netherlands 4.0 6.3 2.9 0.4 9.0
New Zealand 3.6 -5.2 8.3 5.4 13.1
Norway 2.5 0.4 1.7 4.8 5.8
Poland ... ... ... ... 11.3
Portugal 14.5 7.2 10.7 -3.3 8.8
Slovak Republic ... ... ... ... -4.7
Spain 9.6 10.3 6.8 -5.2 11.4
Sweden 0.7 -4.9 1.5 -2.2 12.6
Switzerland 3.7 -1.3 -3.3 -0.1 7.7
Turkey 33.0 -5.2 10.9 35.8 -21.9
United Kingdom 0.5 -4.5 6.8 3.3 5.8
United States (1) 3.6 -0.6 6.9 8.7 11.9
Total OECD 5.9 2.5 4.2 1.2 9.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Australia 8.0 8.1 10.4 6.5 8.9
Austria 6.5 4.6 7.8 5.6 5.5
Belgium 4.7 2.4 5.3 7.1 4.4
Canada 5.7 5.1 14.2 5.1 7.8
Czech Republic 21.2 12.2 6.7 8.4 4.5
Denmark 7.2 3.3 9.5 8.5 3.5
Finland 7.7 7.0 11.6 8.2 3.6
France (1) 7.2 1.8 8.3 11.5 6.4
Germany 6.8 3.7 8.3 9.0 8.3
Greece 8.9 7.0 14.2 9.2 15.0
Hungary 15.1 9.5 23.1 23.7 13.3
Iceland 3.6 16.5 8.0 23.4 4.4
Ireland 16.4 12.5 16.7 27.6 12.4
Italy 9.6 -1.9 9.2 8.1 2.9
Japan 13.3 13.4 0.5 -6.8 3.6
Korea 23.0 14.3 3.5 -21.8 27.8
Luxembourg 4.2 5.0 12.8 11.5 14.7
Mexico -15.1 22.7 22.7 16.8 13.9
Netherlands 10.2 5.3 11.9 9.0 9.3
New Zealand 8.7 7.6 2.1 1.3 12.1
Norway 5.8 8.8 12.5 8.8 -1.6
Poland 24.2 27.2 21.1 18.7 1.6
Portugal 7.4 5.2 9.8 14.2 8.6
Slovak Republic 11.6 17.3 10.2 19.1 0.4
Spain 11.1 8.8 13.3 14.8 13.7
Sweden 7.1 4.0 11.8 11.2 5.1
Switzerland 4.0 4.0 8.1 7.4 4.1
Turkey 29.6 20.5 22.4 2.3 -3.7
United Kingdom 5.6 9.8 9.8 9.2 7.9
United States (1) 8.0 8.7 13.6 11.6 11.5
Total OECD 8.3 7.5 10.1 7.5 8.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Australia 7.4 -4.2 10.9 10.7 15.3
Austria 9.6 5.1 0.8 4.3 7.4
Belgium 8.7 0.2 0.2 2.8 6.5
Canada 8.1 -5.1 1.7 4.1 8.3
Czech Republic 17.4 12.6 4.9 8.0 17.5
Denmark 13.0 1.9 7.5 -1.6 7.7
Finland 18.8 2.0 3.3 3.0 7.2
France (1) 15.4 2.3 1.6 1.5 6.4
Germany 10.7 1.5 -1.4 5.3 6.5
Greece 15.1 -5.8 -0.2 8.7 10.7
Hungary 20.3 5.3 6.8 9.3 13.4
Iceland 8.6 -9.1 -2.5 10.8 14.5
Ireland 21.8 7.1 2.7 -1.7 8.5
Italy 6.4 -0.3 -0.5 0.5 3.3
Japan 9.2 0.6 0.9 3.9 8.1
Korea 20.1 -4.2 15.2 10.1 13.9
Luxembourg 11.0 6.0 0.8 6.1 9.0
Mexico 21.6 -1.5 1.4 0.7 11.6
Netherlands 12.2 2.5 0.3 1.8 5.7
New Zealand -0.4 2.0 9.6 8.4 15.9
Norway 2.0 1.7 1.0 1.4 8.8
Poland 15.5 -5.3 2.7 9.3 15.0
Portugal 5.3 0.9 -0.7 -0.8 6.7
Slovak Republic 8.2 13.5 4.4 7.4 8.3
Spain 10.8 4.5 3.7 6.2 9.6
Sweden 11.7 -1.9 -1.3 3.8 7.4
Switzerland 10.3 2.3 -1.1 1.3 7.3
Turkey 21.8 -24.8 20.9 23.5 20.8
United Kingdom 9.0 4.8 4.8 2.0 6.6
United States (1) 13.1 -2.7 3.4 4.1 11.3
Total OECD 11.9 -0.2 2.5 3.9 9.0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Australia 8.5 7.3 11.2 9.3 8.1
Austria 6.1 4.7 6.2 4.8 7.1
Belgium 4.7 2.8 4.6 4.2 4.7
Canada 7.5 5.0 5.7 4.4 3.6
Czech Republic 5.1 14.4 13.6 11.1 10.8
Denmark 11.2 14.1 5.6 5.6 3.2
Finland 11.9 7.8 4.0 4.1 4.0
France (1) 6.0 6.5 5.9 3.4 2.7
Germany 6.9 11.5 5.0 6.5 6.6
Greece 0.4 8.7 7.0 3.5 5.1
Hungary 6.8 14.5 12.2 9.8 10.8
Iceland 29.4 10.2 -1.4 -4.0 -1.5
Ireland 7.7 4.4 6.4 3.4 2.9
Italy 2.7 6.1 4.0 2.0 3.5
Japan 5.8 4.2 1.8 4.7 4.3
Korea 7.3 11.3 11.9 7.4 7.8
Luxembourg 6.7 7.4 5.2 4.5 3.6
Mexico 8.5 12.1 8.1 7.5 7.2
Netherlands 5.5 8.1 5.5 5.3 2.7
New Zealand 5.4 -2.8 8.9 4.7 4.1
Norway 8.7 8.1 8.6 6.5 4.1
Poland 4.6 17.4 12.3 15.4 11.1
Portugal 3.5 4.6 5.4 3.7 4.3
Slovak Republic 16.1 17.7 10.4 11.5 8.0
Spain 7.7 8.3 6.6 3.6 2.9
Sweden 6.1 8.2 9.8 5.9 5.5
Switzerland 6.7 6.9 5.2 4.1 4.4
Turkey 12.2 6.9 11.1 4.4 3.7
United Kingdom 7.1 9.8 -2.9 0.7 2.8
United States (1) 5.9 5.9 1.9 -0.9 0.4
Total OECD 6.4 7.6 4.5 3.6 3.9
Note: Regional aggregates are calculated inclusive of intra-regional
trade as the sum of volumes expressed in 2000 $.
(1.) Volume data use hedonic price deflators for certain components.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 40. Export prices of goods and services
National accounts basis, percentage changes from previous
year, national currency terms
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Australia 1.1 -5.2 2.0 0.9 -4.0
Austria 0.9 0.6 0.6 -0.2 1.0
Belgium -1.7 -0.6 -1.1 -1.3 1.3
Canada -0.7 -3.6 2.9 4.4 5.9
Czech Republic ... ... ... ... 5.2
Denmark 0.5 1.3 1.3 -1.7 -0.3
Finland -0.1 0.3 4.4 6.4 1.4
France (1) -1.9 -0.9 -2.3 -2.2 -0.5
Germany 0.1 1.4 1.0 0.1 0.8
Greece 15.9 14.0 10.1 9.1 8.6
Hungary ... ... ... ... 18.5
Iceland 16.9 6.9 -1.3 4.8 6.2
Ireland -8.1 -0.3 -2.0 6.8 0.2
Italy 3.1 3.9 0.7 10.4 3.4
Japan 1.7 -2.3 -2.5 -6.6 -3.1
Korea 4.8 2.7 2.5 0.4 1.1
Luxembourg 0.1 1.2 1.8 5.7 3.1
Mexico 25.4 7.5 5.2 3.3 5.9
Netherlands -1.0 0.3 -1.9 -2.5 0.6
New Zealand -0.3 -2.8 5.5 2.1 -2.6
Norway 3.0 -1.2 -7.0 2.1 -2.8
Poland ... ... ... ... 31.7
Portugal 6.3 3.4 0.5 4.9 6.4
Slovak Republic ... ... ... ... 10.7
Spain 0.8 1.5 2.9 5.0 4.6
Sweden 1.8 1.6 -2.8 9.0 3.6
Switzerland 0.2 2.6 0.8 2.0 -0.4
Turkey 38.2 61.0 62.5 59.9 164.8
United Kingdom 4.4 1.6 1.6 8.8 1.0
United States (1) 0.7 1.3 -0.4 0.0 1.1
Total OECD 1.9 1.2 0.6 1.8 2.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Australia 5.9 -2.5 -0.2 2.4 -4.2
Austria 1.8 1.1 1.2 0.4 0.6
Belgium 1.6 2.0 4.3 -1.0 -0.3
Canada 6.4 0.6 0.2 -0.3 1.1
Czech Republic 6.4 4.9 5.6 4.0 1.0
Denmark 1.1 1.5 2.7 -2.1 -0.5
Finland 5.0 -0.3 -0.8 -1.0 -5.0
France (1) -0.5 0.9 1.4 -1.5 -1.6
Germany 1.2 -0.5 0.9 -0.9 -0.9
Greece 8.7 5.6 3.6 4.1 1.9
Hungary 45.5 19.2 15.0 12.9 4.5
Iceland 4.8 -0.2 2.1 4.5 0.0
Ireland 1.9 -0.3 1.2 2.7 2.3
Italy 8.2 1.7 2.9 2.8 2.1
Japan -2.1 3.5 1.8 0.9 -8.8
Korea 2.0 -3.1 4.7 24.7 -19.3
Luxembourg 1.5 6.9 1.5 0.7 5.3
Mexico 79.5 23.0 7.2 9.3 6.6
Netherlands 0.7 0.8 2.5 -2.0 -1.2
New Zealand -0.5 -2.5 -2.4 4.9 -0.1
Norway 1.8 6.9 2.0 -7.9 10.7
Poland 19.6 6.8 14.1 13.1 5.7
Portugal 5.6 -0.9 3.4 1.6 0.3
Slovak Republic 8.4 4.3 6.5 -4.8 -1.1
Spain 5.9 1.4 3.0 0.5 0.0
Sweden 6.9 -5.1 0.4 -1.4 -1.8
Switzerland -0.3 -1.1 0.7 -0.3 -0.8
Turkey 73.0 69.0 87.0 60.1 52.0
United Kingdom 3.2 1.3 -4.0 -3.7 -0.4
United States (1) 2.3 -1.3 -1.7 -2.3 -0.6
Total OECD 5.1 1.7 1.6 0.9 -1.1
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Australia 13.2 6.7 -1.8 -5.4 3.9
Austria 1.4 0.7 0.2 -0.5 1.5
Belgium 9.4 2.3 -0.5 -2.3 2.7
Canada 6.2 1.3 -1.9 -1.3 2.2
Czech Republic 3.4 -0.4 -5.5 0.1 2.7
Denmark 8.2 1.6 -1.3 -1.1 1.9
Finland 3.2 -1.4 -2.4 -1.4 -0.4
France (1) 2.4 -0.2 -1.7 -1.7 0.6
Germany 2.5 0.4 -0.2 -1.7 -0.1
Greece 8.0 6.4 2.5 2.3 3.0
Hungary 9.9 3.0 -4.0 0.1 -1.1
Iceland 3.8 21.5 -1.7 -7.1 1.3
Ireland 6.1 4.6 -0.4 -5.0 -0.6
Italy 7.2 4.5 2.6 0.9 2.6
Japan -4.1 2.2 -1.2 -3.4 -1.2
Korea -4.2 2.4 -9.4 -1.4 4.3
Luxembourg 9.7 -4.0 -0.1 -1.9 6.8
Mexico 3.4 -2.3 3.3 11.2 6.5
Netherlands 6.0 0.9 -1.8 -0.8 0.6
New Zealand 14.3 7.2 -7.2 -7.3 -0.1
Norway 36.7 -2.2 -10.2 2.1 12.9
Poland 1.9 1.3 4.7 6.2 8.3
Portugal 5.3 0.8 -0.1 -1.4 1.5
Slovak Republic 17.3 4.9 1.0 1.5 1.8
Spain 7.3 1.8 0.7 -0.2 1.6
Sweden 2.6 2.3 -1.4 -1.7 -0.4
Switzerland 2.9 0.3 -2.4 0.5 0.5
Turkey 42.0 89.4 25.4 10.7 13.3
United Kingdom 2.3 -0.8 0.2 1.5 -0.2
United States (1) 1.7 -0.4 -0.4 2.2 3.5
Total OECD 3.7 1.5 -0.7 0.0 1.9
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Australia 12.4 12.2 0.5 13.3 4.5
Austria 2.4 2.8 1.6 2.2 2.4
Belgium 3.8 3.3 2.8 2.3 1.7
Canada 2.8 0.1 1.0 2.5 2.4
Czech Republic -2.3 -0.7 0.2 -3.7 2.0
Denmark 5.8 2.6 0.2 1.7 1.2
Finland 1.1 2.6 1.2 -0.2 -0.7
France (1) 2.1 2.2 0.5 1.6 1.7
Germany 1.1 1.3 0.5 1.1 1.0
Greece 4.1 3.4 2.3 2.8 1.9
Hungary -0.3 6.5 -3.9 4.3 2.4
Iceland -4.5 21.4 2.2 21.7 8.6
Ireland 0.6 1.3 -0.4 -0.6 0.0
Italy 4.0 4.5 3.7 2.9 2.4
Japan 1.4 3.7 2.3 -5.6 -0.4
Korea -7.9 -4.8 0.5 12.0 0.1
Luxembourg 8.2 9.4 5.1 -1.4 2.8
Mexico 2.8 4.6 3.2 5.7 3.0
Netherlands 2.9 2.9 1.2 1.5 0.6
New Zealand 1.2 7.0 1.6 10.7 1.4
Norway 17.3 15.3 2.4 11.2 -0.4
Poland -2.5 2.3 2.9 2.6 5.6
Portugal 1.9 4.2 2.8 2.2 1.2
Slovak Republic -1.9 2.2 -1.6 0.7 1.0
Spain 4.3 4.0 2.3 4.5 3.3
Sweden 2.5 2.9 1.9 0.7 0.2
Switzerland 0.9 2.5 2.1 1.6 1.5
Turkey -0.2 13.7 2.5 9.6 2.5
United Kingdom 1.1 2.5 2.3 6.8 1.6
United States (1) 3.6 3.4 3.6 5.5 2.3
Total OECD 2.3 3.0 1.9 3.0 1.6
Note: Regional aggregates are calculated inclusive of
intra-regional trade. They are calculated as the geometric
averages of prices weighted by trade volumes expressed in
2000 $.
(1.) Certain components are estimated on a hedonic basis.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 41. Import prices of goods and services
National accounts basis, percentage changes from previous year,
national currency terms
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Australia 4.1 1.3 4.2 5.7 -4.3
Austria 0.5 1.1 0.6 0.7 1.2
Belgium -1.4 -0.7 -2.8 -2.8 1.8
Canada 1.4 -1.6 4.4 6.4 6.6
Czech Republic ... ... ... ... 2.6
Denmark -0.9 2.1 -1.1 -1.3 0.5
Finland 1.4 3.4 6.9 9.5 -1.3
France (1) -1.8 0.8 -3.8 -2.2 -0.4
Germany -1.3 2.8 -2.1 -1.8 -0.1
Greece 13.7 12.3 12.3 7.4 5.6
Hungary ... ... ... ... 15.6
Iceland 19.3 3.4 -0.7 8.7 5.9
Ireland -3.7 2.4 -1.2 4.5 2.4
Italy -0.5 0.0 1.7 15.4 4.8
Japan 7.3 -5.1 -5.1 -8.3 -4.5
Korea 7.1 1.9 3.5 0.3 1.1
Luxembourg 1.6 2.5 2.7 3.2 2.1
Mexico 16.5 9.0 4.0 3.7 5.1
Netherlands -1.0 0.1 -1.4 -2.4 0.3
New Zealand 1.4 2.3 6.3 -1.6 -3.8
Norway 1.2 -0.4 -1.8 1.6 0.7
Poland ... ... ... ... 27.0
Portugal 4.1 1.0 -4.2 4.4 4.3
Slovak Republic ... ... ... ... 12.3
Spain -2.8 -1.5 1.2 6.1 5.8
Sweden 3.3 0.3 -2.4 13.7 3.3
Switzerland -1.6 0.5 1.9 -1.4 -4.5
Turkey 28.4 60.2 63.1 48.9 163.3
United Kingdom 3.3 0.3 0.0 8.6 3.0
United States (1) 2.8 -0.4 0.1 -0.9 0.9
Tntal OECD 2.4 0.8 0.2 1.6 2.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Australia 3.5 -6.5 -1.6 6.8 -4.6
Austria 1.0 2.3 1.8 0.3 0.6
Belgium 1.7 2.5 5.5 -1.7 0.3
Canada 3.4 -1.1 0.8 3.7 -0.2
Czech Republic 5.8 1.9 5.2 -1.7 1.6
Denmark 0.7 -0.1 2.4 -2.1 -0.5
Finland 0.3 -1.1 -0.5 -2.8 -2.0
France (1) -0.4 0.8 0.6 -2.8 -1.7
Germany -0.3 0.2 3.1 -2.4 -1.4
Greece 7.5 5.0 2.8 3.8 1.7
Hungary 41.1 20.5 13.4 11.8 5.5
Iceland 3.7 3.1 0.0 -0.7 0.6
Ireland 3.8 -0.5 0.8 2.5 2.6
Italy 11.4 -1.8 2.3 -0.8 2.5
Japan -1.8 8.4 6.5 -2.7 -8.5
Korea 4.2 3.0 11.4 27.2 -16.8
Luxembourg 1.3 5.2 5.9 1.8 3.0
Mexico 95.1 21.4 3.6 12.0 3.7
Netherlands 0.3 0.7 1.5 -2.4 -0.9
New Zealand -1.8 -3.7 -0.4 5.7 0.7
Norway 0.6 0.8 0.3 1.2 -1.1
Poland 18.0 11.0 16.0 10.8 6.5
Portugal 3.9 1.5 2.6 -1.4 -0.7
Slovak Republic 7.3 9.4 3.6 -2.4 0.3
Spain 4.4 0.4 3.4 -1.5 0.3
Sweden 4.7 -4.6 0.9 -1.1 1.1
Switzerland -2.6 -0.4 3.8 -1.6 -0.1
Turkey 85 80.4 74.1 62.5 47.9
United Kingdom 5.9 0.1 -7.1 -5.7 -1.1
United States (1) 2.7 -1.8 -3.6 -5.4 0.6
Tntal OECD 5.6 1.8 1.4 -0.6 -0.8
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Australia 7.5 5.6 -4.0 -8.6 -5.0
Austria 2.8 0.6 -0.8 -0.1 1.0
Belgium 11.3 2.4 -1.2 -2.1 2.9
Canada 2.1 3.0 0.6 -6.5 -2.4
Czech Republic 6.3 -2.7 -8.4 -0.4 1.3
Denmark 7.2 1.5 -2.5 -2.0 0.7
Finland 7.0 -2.5 -2.7 0.0 2.0
France' 5.5 -0.9 -4.3 -1.5 1.4
Germany 7.7 0.5 -2.2 -2.6 0.3
Greece 9.3 5.8 -0.2 0.2 1.0
Hungary 12.3 2.4 -5.4 0.3 -1.0
Iceland 6.3 21.1 -2.3 -3.2 2.6
Ireland 7.1 3.9 -1.3 -4.0 0.1
Italy 15.4 3.4 0.4 -0.3 2.7
Japan 1.5 2.4 -0.9 -0.8 2.9
Korea 5.9 5.8 -8.9 1.0 5.5
Luxembourg 11.3 -2.5 -1.0 -5.2 7.7
Mexico 0.1 -2.8 2.0 12.5 7.6
Netherlands 5.8 -0.4 -2.9 -0.9 1.4
New Zealand 15.4 2.2 -5.9 -11.4 -4.3
Norway 7.5 -0.1 -5.0 1.1 4.8
Poland 7.9 1.3 5.4 6.8 4.9
Portugal 8.5 0.3 -1.7 -1.8 2.2
Slovak Republic 14.1 6.0 1.0 1.9 2.1
Spain 10.6 -0.2 -2.0 -1.5 2.2
Sweden 4.1 4.0 0.1 -2.0 0.3
Switzerland 5.8 0.5 -5.9 -1.4 1.2
Turkey 56.7 93.4 22.1 7.1 10.8
United Kingdom 3.1 -0.2 -2.2 0.4 -0.6
United States (1) 4.2 -2.5 -1.2 3.5 4.9
Tntal OECD 6.1 1.0 -1.6 0.2 2.3
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Australia 0.7 4.2 -3.8 -0.8 0.5
Austria 2.8 3.4 1.5 2.8 2.0
Belgium 4.3 3.9 2.2 3.2 1.7
Canada -1.2 -0.8 -2.3 -1.9 2.4
Czech Republic -0.5 0.2 -1.0 -3.4 2.0
Denmark 3.7 3.1 1.6 1.3 1.5
Finland 4.5 6.3 2.7 2.5 1.6
France (1) 3.1 2.7 0.4 2.9 1.1
Germany 2.4 2.8 -0.2 0.6 0.4
Greece 3.1 3.5 2.7 4.0 1.8
Hungary 1.2 8.0 -4.2 4.3 2.4
Iceland -5.4 17.4 2.1 20.3 6.8
Ireland 1.7 3.3 1.6 1.1 0.3
Italy 6.2 7.6 2.3 2.6 1.5
Japan 8.3 11.4 7.1 2.2 0.0
Korea -2.6 -0.9 1.0 16.2 1.7
Luxembourg 9.1 7.8 5.5 -0.1 3.0
Mexico -0.2 2.6 2.2 2.7 2.6
Netherlands 3.0 3.3 1.5 2.8 1.1
New Zealand 1.0 10.1 -4.9 6.8 3.2
Norway 1.5 3.3 3.1 -1.4 1.5
Poland -3.6 2.4 1.5 -1.4 3.2
Portugal 3.2 4.5 1.4 4.5 1.5
Slovak Republic -1.6 3.6 -0.5 2.7 0.9
Spain 3.8 3.5 2.1 4.3 3.0
Sweden 5.4 3.3 -0.2 1.0 0.7
Switzerland 3.3 4.1 4.0 2.4 0.6
Turkey 0.2 19 -0.6 9.8 4.2
United Kingdom 3.8 2.5 0.9 7.9 3.0
United States (1) 6.3 4.0 3.5 10.9 2.9
Tntal OECD 3.8 4.1 1.9 5.0 1.9
Note: Regional aggregates are calculated inclusive of
intra-regional trade. They are calculated as the geometric
averages of prices weighted by trade volumes expressed in
2000 $.
(1.) Certain components are estimated on a hedonic basis.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 42. Competitive positions: relative consumer prices
Indices, 2000 = 100
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Australia 124.7 122.0 110.1 101.6 106.7
Austria 105.3 103.6 105.0 106.2 106.4
Belgium 107.9 106.6 107.2 107.1 108.8
Canada 133.9 137.9 127.4 118.7 109.1
Czech Republic .. .. .. 77.0 80.9
Denmark 104.6 100.6 101.2 102.0 101.7
Finland 148.6 141.6 122.2 102.2 106.1
France 110.0 106.4 107.8 108.9 108.8
Germany 106.2 104.6 109.2 112.8 113.5
Greece 95.5 96.7 99.3 99.9 100.8
Hungary ... ... ... 95.7 93.4
Iceland 102.1 104.1 103.9 97.7 91.6
Ireland 118.2 113.6 116.9 108.1 108.0
Italy 123.5 124.0 121.9 102.9 100.1
Japan 74.8 80.6 82.9 96.1 103.8
Korea 117.6 117.0 110.0 106.9 108.1
Luxembourg 104.6 103.6 104.6 104.5 105.7
Mexico 77.7 86.0 93.2 99.6 95.2
Netherlands 108.0 105.6 107.4 107.8 107.9
New Zealand 120.8 114.5 103.7 106.1 111.8
Norway 111.4 107.5 107.3 103.2 100.6
Poland ... ... ... 73.3 74.0
Portugal 89.5 95.1 103.6 100.4 98.9
Slovak Republic ... ... ... 85.1 84.2
Spain 119.6 120.9 120.4 107.2 102.4
Sweden 123.5 129.2 129.2 106.1 104.6
Switzerland 103.9 103.6 101.7 103.5 108.3
Turkey 85.7 87.2 83.7 89.8 66.0
United Kingdom 93.0 96.4 93.4 84.0 83.9
United States 87.1 85.4 83.6 84.8 84.9
Euro area 127.1 122.8 127.4 119.5 119.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Australia 104.9 114.8 113.8 104.1 104.7
Austria 109.4 107.0 103.4 103.7 102.6
Belgium 112.5 109.8 104.5 105.5 104.0
Canada 106.8 106.8 106.1 100.1 99.4
Czech Republic 83.6 89.1 90.7 99.4 98.0
Denmark 105.4 103.8 101.2 103.5 103.6
Finland 113.9 107.2 103.3 104.6 104.4
France 111.0 110.3 106.0 106.9 104.6
Germany 117.8 113.1 107.7 108.9 106.4
Greece 104.0 106.9 107.7 106.3 106.8
Hungary 88.7 89.6 95.1 95.8 98.6
Iceland 90.3 89.6 91.2 93.6 96.2
Ireland 109.2 111.0 109.9 107.1 103.8
Italy 92.9 102.8 103.4 104.9 103.9
Japan 105.5 88.2 83.4 84.2 94.5
Korea 109.4 113.3 106.9 81.5 92.8
Luxembourg 108.3 105.7 102.6 102.9 102.1
Mexico 64.5 72.0 83.4 84.2 92.1
Netherlands 112.0 109.0 103.3 106.3 105.6
New Zealand 119.8 127.0 129.5 115.7 110.1
Norway 103 101.8 103.1 100.6 101.1
Poland 79.1 84.8 87.8 93.3 90.7
Portugal 102.4 102.3 101.1 101.9 102.0
Slovak Republic 86.1 85.9 90.8 91.8 90.7
Spain 104 105.6 101.1 102.1 102.0
Sweden 103.8 111.7 106.3 103.3 101.4
Switzerland 114.8 110.7 102.3 104.1 102.9
Turkey 71.5 72.3 77.3 85.0 89.3
United Kingdom 80.3 81.6 94.3 99.6 99.2
United States 83.7 86.3 90.8 98.1 96.8
Euro area 123.5 122.3 111.8 114.9 110.9
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Australia 100.0 96.2 101.5 114.8 124.3
Austria 100.0 100.2 100.5 103.3 104.2
Belgium 100.0 100.9 102.1 106.8 108.6
Canada 100.0 96.9 96.0 106.7 112.6
Czech Republic 100.0 106.7 118.5 115.9 116.7
Denmark 100.0 101.5 103.3 108.4 109.1
Finland 100.0 101.4 102.4 106.8 106.6
France 100.0 99.8 101.1 106.0 107.6
Germany 100.0 99.9 100.7 105.6 106.9
Greece 100.0 101.0 103.7 109.8 112.2
Hungary 100.0 108.2 119.2 121.7 129.7
Iceland 100.0 88.8 94.8 99.6 102.3
Ireland 100.0 103.8 109.4 120.8 123.7
Italy 100.0 101.2 103.2 108.9 110.6
Japan 100.0 89.5 83.9 85.0 86.3
Korea 100.0 94.6 99.5 101.2 102.8
Luxembourg 100.0 100.7 101.9 105.6 107.0
Mexico 100.0 106.5 106.7 95.3 91.6
Netherlands 100.0 102.9 106.7 114.2 115.9
New Zealand 100.0 98.9 108.2 123.0 131.7
Norway 100.0 103.9 112.0 110.2 105.2
Poland 100.0 112.9 107.7 95.6 94.6
Portugal 100.0 102.5 104.8 108.6 109.4
Slovak Republic 100.0 101.2 102.5 115.6 126.5
Spain 100.0 102.1 104.4 109.3 111.6
Sweden 100.0 91.7 94.0 99.4 99.5
Switzerland 100.0 102.2 105.8 106.2 105.2
Turkey 100.0 81.5 88.6 93.4 96.4
United Kingdom 100.0 97.4 97.6 93.2 96.7
United States 100.0 105.7 105.8 99.7 95.6
Euro area 100.0 101.9 105.7 118.4 122.5
2005 2006 2007
Australia 128.1 127.8 135.8
Austria 103.7 103.1 103.3
Belgium 108.8 108.5 109.3
Canada 119.5 126.2 131.1
Czech Republic 123.8 130.5 134.0
Denmark 108.0 107.7 108.2
Finland 104.0 103.0 104.3
France 106.5 106.1 106.4
Germany 104.9 104.1 105.3
Greece 112.6 113.7 115.8
Hungary 132.3 126.2 140.7
Iceland 116.1 108.6 113.0
Ireland 123.7 125.9 132.4
Italy 109.4 109.3 109.9
Japan 81.3 73.4 67.2
Korea 115.6 125.2 124.6
Luxembourg 106.8 107.5 108.7
Mexico 95.0 95.1 94.3
Netherlands 114.4 113.1 114.1
New Zealand 139.0 129.4 137.4
Norway 109.6 109.4 109.3
Poland 105.8 108.1 111.6
Portugal 108.7 109.4 110.1
Slovak Republic 129.7 136.6 150.6
Spain 112.4 114.1 115.7
Sweden 95.5 95.0 96.0
Switzerland 103.3 100.5 96.1
Turkey 107.3 106.7 115.7
United Kingdom 95.1 95.6 97.0
United States 94.2 93.4 89.5
Euro area 120.2 119.8 122.5
Note: Competitiveness-weighted relative consumer prices in
dollar terms. Competitiveness weights take into account
the structure of competition in both export and import
markets of the manufacturing sector of 42 countries. An
increase in the index indicates a real effective appreciation
and a corresponding deterioration of the competitive position.
For details on the method of calculation see Durand, M., C.
Madaschi and F. Terribile (1998), "Trends in OECD Countries'
International Competitiveness: The Influence of Emerging
Market Economies', OECD Economics Department Working Papers,
No. 195. See also OECD Economic Outlook Sources and Methods
(http://www.oecd.org/eco/sources-and-methods).
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 43. Competitive positions: relative unit labour costs
Indices, 2000 = 100
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Australia 107.8 103.7 97.8 88.6 92.7
Austria 118.2 118.6 120.1 121.6 122.1
Belgium 104.4 106.9 108.5 110.4 114.2
Canada 127.9 132.6 122.3 110.4 102.9
Czech Republic ... ... ... 88.2 85.7
Denmark 94.6 95.1 97.1 99.6 95.0
Finland 176.4 169.8 134.3 102.2 108.0
France 122.3 116.8 115.1 115.0 115.6
Germany 94.7 92.2 100.5 104.4 104.2
Greece 90.4 87.9 89.5 97.9 100.0
Hungary ... ... ... 141.6 126.2
Iceland 71.8 79.4 80.5 73.5 71.5
Ireland 146.7 152.3 152.8 145.3 142.6
Italy 120.4 123.5 119.0 98.1 93.4
Japan 73.0 76.7 79.2 92.2 104.7
Korea 121.8 130.8 122.9 118.0 120.4
Luxembourg 118.3 117.3 115.8 110.7 110.8
Mexico 70.6 79.3 89.1 96.8 93.8
Netherlands 109.9 109.7 112.4 110.0 106.8
New Zealand 117.4 112.2 98.7 99.5 108.2
Norway 80.6 79.4 80.0 78.0 80.7
Poland ... ... ... 77.4 82.0
Portugal 82.9 94.2 104.6 100.9 100.5
Slovak Republic ... ... ... 77.6 93.2
Spain 105.3 108.4 111.4 102.6 97.7
Sweden 160.3 165.4 161.9 119.8 111.7
Turkey 98.1 117.3 107.4 100.1 69.5
United Kingdom 84.4 83.7 77.4 71.4 73.2
United States 94.7 94.1 91.9 91.7 89.9
Euro area 120.0 117.3 123.4 115.6 113.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Australia 97.8 108.9 110.0 101.0 106.7
Austria 120.5 112.7 109.1 109.3 106.2
Belgium 116.1 111.6 103.6 104.6 105.9
Canada 105.8 110.0 109.8 104.7 104.2
Czech Republic 85.4 93.5 95.6 108.2 100.9
Denmark 99.8 103.1 98.7 103.5 104.3
Finland 124.9 117.9 111.0 111.5 111.5
France 117.1 114.9 109.2 106.4 104.7
Germany 114.1 112.5 103.9 106.7 106.4
Greece 105.0 107.7 115.1 110.6 107.2
Hungary 114.4 106.1 104.7 99.1 95.7
Iceland 72.7 72.4 76.1 82.9 92.1
Ireland 135.0 134.4 127.2 114.9 106.1
Italy 85.2 97.1 100.6 102.5 103.7
Japan 103.7 85.5 81.7 85.4 97.6
Korea 133.8 144.8 128.1 85.5 92.9
Luxembourg 114.7 111.5 107.6 103.7 101.9
Mexico 58.3 62.2 74.3 76.1 86.7
Netherlands 110.3 107.1 104.2 108.1 107.5
New Zealand 114.3 124.8 129.8 117.8 113.0
Norway 85.6 85.6 90.8 93.8 98.6
Poland 88.1 94.4 97.8 104.0 97.5
Portugal 102.5 99.0 97.1 99.7 101.9
Slovak Republic 98.6 97.8 101.3 97.1 90.6
Spain 98.2 100.8 100.4 101.7 100.8
Sweden 107.6 121.0 113.4 106.8 99.6
Turkey 59.3 58.1 65.5 71.5 92.5
United Kingdom 69.4 70.1 84.4 95.6 97.3
United States 85.4 86.7 89.7 96.1 95.2
Euro area 120.7 121.8 110.8 113.1 112.1
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Australia 100.0 92.3 97.3 112.7 126.8
Austria 100.0 97.9 97.1 101.1 103.2
Belgium 100.0 102.7 104.5 110.6 111.2
Canada 100.0 101.2 104.0 119.0 131.2
Czech Republic 100.0 111.4 125.0 129.4 126.8
Denmark 100.0 102.8 107.7 115.7 115.7
Finland 100.0 99.2 97.5 100.2 100.0
France 100.0 99.1 101.3 104.0 106.0
Germany 100.0 98.7 100.9 105.5 105.2
Greece 100.0 94.4 98.1 101.2 112.3
Hungary 100.0 108.3 112.2 111.4 120.0
Iceland 100.0 87.4 93.0 98.1 101.5
Ireland 100.0 97.6 90.7 100.0 102.4
Italy 100.0 101.5 106.7 118.2 123.8
Japan 100.0 91.7 86.5 81.2 79.3
Korea 100.0 93.1 97.7 96.7 98.9
Luxembourg 100.0 103.6 104.3 109.5 109.6
Mexico 100.0 113.0 114.9 105.7 100.9
Netherlands 100.0 102.2 106.7 115.9 117.3
New Zealand 100.0 102.0 114.3 131.8 144.9
Norway 100.0 102.9 114.1 109.4 106.1
Poland 100.0 105.4 92.6 75.6 71.1
Portugal 100.0 100.2 101.9 103.5 105.0
Slovak Republic 100.0 95.8 100.9 105.3 108.4
Spain 100.0 100.9 103.9 110.5 114.6
Sweden 100.0 95.6 92.9 94.5 91.7
Turkey 100.0 76.2 72.0 69.9 73.5
United Kingdom 100.0 97.2 100.3 96.6 102.0
United States 100.0 101.3 97.6 91.3 84.1
Euro area 100.0 99.7 105.5 120.1 125.9
2005 2006 2007
Australia 137.7 139.0 148.9
Austria 103.6 100.8 100.3
Belgium 110.7 111.2 113.2
Canada 139.9 151.7 161.7
Czech Republic 127.7 125.4 126.0
Denmark 114.6 113.7 115.7
Finland 98.0 92.5 91.1
France 102.9 102.6 103.9
Germany 100.5 97.6 94.8
Greece 107.3 112.4 117.5
Hungary 122.3 115.8 124.8
Iceland 117.8 114.5 125.2
Ireland 101.8 98.9 100.3
Italy 125.7 130.0 137.1
Japan 71.1 62.0 55.7
Korea 110.3 113.6 111.1
Luxembourg 114.2 117.9 117.5
Mexico 103.3 103.0 105.7
Netherlands 114.6 114.1 117.0
New Zealand 151.6 141.9 157.2
Norway 111.5 113.8 119.2
Poland 79.4 74.8 75.8
Portugal 104.8 103.2 102.0
Slovak Republic 101.8 99.8 100.2
Spain 116.1 116.9 118.0
Sweden 85.9 84.1 87.7
Turkey 82.4 80.3 86.9
United Kingdom 106.2 109.3 112.8
United States 82.6 81.1 76.0
Euro area 121.5 120.9 123.6
Note. Competitiveness-weighted relative unit labour costs in
the manufacturing sector in dollar terms. Competitiveness
weights take into account the structure of competition in
both export and import markets of the manufacturing sector
of 42 countries. An increase in the index indicates a real
effective appreciation and a corresponding deterioration
of the competitive position. For details on the method of
calculation see Durand, M., C. Madaschi and F. Tembile (1998),
"Trends in OECD Countries' International Competitiveness:
The Influence of Emerging Market Economies, OECD
Economics Department Working Papers, No. 195. See also
OECD Economic Outlook Sources and Methods (http://www.oecd.org/
eco/sources-and-methods).
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 44. Export performance for total goods and services
Percentage changes from previous year
1990 1991 1992 1993
Australia 2.2 8.3 -0.4 2.9
Austria 1.8 2.4 2.5 -0.7
Belgium -1.0 -0.7 1.0 -0.3
Canada 0.6 1.4 0.5 3.0
Czech Republic ... ... ... ...
Denmark 2.3 4.9 -1.6 0.2
Finland 0.3 -5.9 16.6 14.4
France -0.3 1.8 2.3 0.3
Germany 8.0 10.1 -3.6 -6.0
Greece -7.0 0.9 9.3 -4.9
Hungary ... ... ... ...
Iceland -4.7 -8.8 -4.0 6.4
Ireland 3.7 3.6 9.2 8.6
Italy 1.9 -4.6 6.1 7.2
Japan 0.6 -2.9 -4.2 -7.7
Korea -0.4 5.8 5.4 4.9
Luxembourg -0.7 5.4 -0.2 6.8
Mexico 1.1 4.6 -2.1 -0.2
Netherlands -0.2 3.0 0.4 4.5
New Zealand 1.3 7.3 -2.1 0.0
Norway 4.4 4.6 1.1 1.8
Poland ... ... ... ...
Portugal 3.4 -3.7 -0.9 -2.4
Slovak Republic ... ... ... ...
Spain -1.1 4.7 3.3 7.9
Sweden -1.9 -3.5 0.4 6.1
Switzerland -3.0 -5.1 0.1 1.4
Turkey -0.2 1.6 14.6 8.0
United Kingdom 0.4 -3.7 1.2 2.5
United States 2.9 1.0 0.1 -1.3
Total OECD 1.8 1.5 0.6 0.1
Memorandum items
China 5.6 3.7 12.9 5.2
Dynamic Asia (1) 0.7 6.3 4.0 3.4
Other Asia 13.0 9.7 6.0 3.6
Latin America 2.1 -2.5 1.7 5.8
Africa and Middle-East -3.6 -4.9 3.5 3.0
Central & Eastern Europe ... ... ... ...
1994 1995 1996 1997
Australia -1.5 -6.9 1.5 5.6
Austria -2.4 -2.2 -0.3 2.2
Belgium -0.1 -3.1 -2.4 -3.6
Canada 1.0 0.3 -3.0 -3.9
Czech Republic -6.8 7.6 -0.3 -1.4
Denmark -0.7 -5.0 -2.1 -4.8
Finland 5.0 -0.2 -0.3 3.8
France 0.4 0.5 -2.6 3.0
Germany -0.3 -2.2 -0.2 1.5
Greece 1.0 -5.2 -2.5 8.3
Hungary 5.7 25.5 5.9 12.2
Iceland 0.7 -9.5 3.2 -3.8
Ireland 6.1 11.4 5.8 7.4
Italy 2.3 3.8 -6.3 -5.6
Japan -7.5 -7.0 -1.6 1.5
Korea 5.5 11.3 2.9 11.6
Luxembourg -0.6 -3.0 -2.2 2.3
Mexico 5.4 19.9 9.1 -2.4
Netherlands 0.4 1.2 -0.8 1.5
New Zealand -1.2 -6.1 -4.2 -4.2
Norway -0.4 -2.8 3.5 -2.2
Poland 5.0 13.2 7.4 2.7
Portugal -0.1 0.5 -0.1 -4.1
Slovak Republic 6.1 -5.0 -7.3 0.2
Spain 8.0 1.4 4.7 4.3
Sweden 4.5 2.5 -2.0 2.5
Switzerland -6.4 -7.7 -1.9 1.6
Turkey 8.1 0.2 15.8 8.6
United Kingdom 0.1 0.3 2.4 -1.9
United States -1.6 2.4 0.0 0.6
Total OECD -0.3 0.3 -0.2 0.6
Memorandum items
China 17.8 -3.8 9.9 13.8
Dynamic Asia (1) 2.0 0.6 -3.7 -1.4
Other Asia 6.8 7.9 2.1 -2.9
Latin America -3.1 -4.3 -0.8 -3.6
Africa and Middle-East -3.8 -6.8 -3.4 0.2
Central & Eastern Europe ... ... -0.1 -3.7
1998 1999 2000 2001
Australia 3.4 -3.5 -2.3 2.7
Austria 0.6 0.3 -1.2 4.7
Belgium -2.4 -1.7 -2.9 -0.7
Canada -0.8 0.1 -3.7 -0.9
Czech Republic 1.2 -1.0 5.7 8.1
Denmark -3.5 5.1 1.2 2.3
Finland 3.3 6.6 4.0 -0.4
France 1.1 -2.1 1.9 1.3
Germany 0.3 -0.5 1.7 5.2
Greece -0.5 13.5 2.3 -3.6
Hungary 9.7 6.7 8.8 5.2
Iceland -5.4 -3.1 -6.3 5.3
Ireland 14.5 7.3 8.1 7.7
Italy -5.9 -7.4 -2.6 -1.4
Japan -1.7 -7.3 -2.3 -5.1
Korea 12.3 6.3 4.2 -2.5
Luxembourg 2.7 7.5 1.7 3.0
Mexico 1.4 2.0 3.2 -1.2
Netherlands -0.9 2.1 1.8 0.6
New Zealand -0.1 0.0 -4.2 4.8
Norway -6.9 -4.1 -7.5 3.0
Poland 6.4 -7.2 9.7 0.0
Portugal -0.8 -4.1 -2.7 -0.3
Slovak Republic 11.3 6.1 -3.5 3.3
Spain -0.7 1.8 -0.8 2.7
Sweden 1.2 2.1 0.1 -0.3
Switzerland -2.2 -0.3 0.7 -0.3
Turkey 5.4 -14.7 4.0 1.0
United Kingdom -4.3 -3.1 -3.0 2.3
United States -1.4 -2.0 -3.4 -4.6
Total OECD -0.8 -1.5 -0.7 -0.4
Memorandum items
China 6.5 4.5 12.3 7.7
Dynamic Asia (1) -0.6 0.0 2.3 -4.0
Other Asia 4.1 5.0 0.6 8.6
Latin America 0.5 -1.7 -4.8 4.1
Africa and Middle-East 0.0 -6.1 -0.7 1.9
Central & Eastern Europe -1.8 1.0 -1.0 3.6
2002 2003 2004 2005
Australia -5.4 -9.1 -7.6 -6.6
Austria 1.8 -2.7 -1.5 -1.0
Belgium -1.1 -1.2 -2.1 -3.2
Canada -2.2 -6.4 -5.9 -4.0
Czech Republic 0.3 1.8 10.6 3.6
Denmark 2.3 -5.3 -5.9 0.5
Finland -0.9 -7.7 -2.5 -2.1
France -1.3 -5.2 -6.0 -4.0
Germany 1.1 -2.4 -0.8 -0.3
Greece -10.5 -2.7 1.1 -6.1
Hungary 1.5 0.4 5.4 3.0
Iceland 1.2 -2.0 0.0 -0.1
Ireland 2.6 -3.3 -1.2 -1.5
Italy -6.7 -7.5 -6.1 -6.1
Japan 1.0 0.7 -0.2 -1.8
Korea 6.5 5.3 4.7 -1.3
Luxembourg 1.0 1.4 1.9 -0.3
Mexico -1.5 -1.4 0.3 0.5
Netherlands -0.9 -2.7 -0.8 -1.3
New Zealand 0.7 -4.8 -6.0 -8.8
Norway -2.7 -3.5 -6.8 -5.9
Poland 2.4 8.1 3.9 -0.4
Portugal -0.7 -0.3 -4.5 -5.3
Slovak Republic 2.9 9.4 -2.8 6.4
Spain 0.6 0.5 -4.0 -4.5
Sweden -1.8 -0.4 0.9 -1.5
Switzerland -2.3 -5.3 -1.4 -0.7
Turkey 3.4 1.4 0.5 -1.1
United Kingdom -1.5 -2.7 -4.8 0.2
United States -4.4 -3.3 -1.2 -1.9
Total OECD -1.2 -2.5 -1.8 -1.9
Memorandum items
China 21.2 19.4 10.3 14.3
Dynamic Asia (1) 0.5 0.0 1.5 -0.7
Other Asia 6.2 0.4 5.6 9.1
Latin America 2.2 2.3 0.5 0.7
Africa and Middle-East -3.0 2.0 -2.2 -3.8
Central & Eastern Europe 4.9 2.0 -0.3 -1.0
2006 2007 2008 2009
Australia -5.0 -3.5 -3.6 -1.0
Austria -2.9 0.9 -1.0 -1.1
Belgium -6.2 -1.8 -2.2 -0.9
Canada -5.6 -2.0 -3.4 -0.1
Czech Republic 3.5 6.6 3.9 4.0
Denmark -0.2 -2.6 -2.1 -2.1
Finland 0.4 -4.8 -5.2 -4.3
France -3.4 -3.1 -1.9 -3.1
Germany 3.5 0.9 0.0 -1.0
Greece -4.9 -2.5 -2.8 -1.6
Hungary 7.1 5.4 2.5 3.3
Iceland -13.1 12.6 1.4 0.1
Ireland -3.3 4.2 1.0 -0.6
Italy -3.3 -3.0 -5.2 -3.6
Japan 0.4 1.2 3.5 -2.1
Korea 1.5 3.6 0.8 0.5
Luxembourg 1.2 0.3 0.1 -1.0
Mexico 4.5 2.5 3.9 2.4
Netherlands -2.0 0.5 -1.6 -2.8
New Zealand -6.5 -3.3 -3.4 -2.6
Norway -7.9 -0.9 -2.3 -1.9
Poland 3.0 -0.1 1.4 0.3
Portugal 0.2 1.0 -1.3 0.1
Slovak Republic 8.7 6.7 4.8 1.0
Spain -3.6 -0.6 -1.2 -0.9
Sweden -0.9 -0.5 -0.7 -0.4
Switzerland 0.5 3.4 -2.7 -1.7
Turkey -4.2 -2.2 -2.8 -3.2
United Kingdom 2.0 -11.3 -3.9 -1.0
United States -0.7 0.5 0.2 0.1
Total OECD -0.6 -0.5 -0.5 -0.9
Memorandum items
China 14.6 12.9 5.6 6.4
Dynamic Asia (1) 0.0 -0.7 -1.0 -0.4
Other Asia 5.3 0.1 0.3 1.1
Latin America -4.0 -2.0 -1.8 -1.2
Africa and Middle-East -2.0 -1.8 -2.6 -0.5
Central & Eastern Europe -3.2 -1.7 -4.6 -0.7
Note: Regional aggregates are calculated inclusive of intra-regional
trade. Export performance is the ratio between export volumes and
export markets for total goods and services. The calculation of export
markets is based on a weighted average of import volumes in each
exporting country's markets, with weights based on trade flows in 2000.
(1.) Dynamic Asia includes Chinese Taipei; Hong Kong, China;
Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines; Singapore and Thailand.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
StatLink http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/368840313356
Annex Table 45. Shares in world exports and imports
Percentage, values for goods and services, national accounts basis
1993 1994 1995 1996
A. Exports
Canada 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5
France 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.4
Germany 9.4 9.3 9.5 9.1
Italy 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.7
Japan 8.4 8.1 7.6 6.8
United Kingdom 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.3
United States 13.8 13.5 12.8 13.0
Other OECD countries 24.4 24.7 25.7 25.7
Total OECD 75.1 74.6 74.4 73.4
Non-OECD Asia 13.7 14.5 14.9 15.3
Latin America 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8
Other non-OECD countries 8.5 8.0 7.9 8.5
Total of non-OECD countries 24.8 25.3 25.6 26.6
B. Imports
Canada 3.6 3.5 3.2 3.2
France 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.2
Germany 9.5 9.4 9.5 8.9
Italy 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.8
Japan 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.6
United Kingdom 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.4
United States 15.4 15.5 14.5 14.6
Other OECD countries 23.9 24.2 24.7 25.0
Total OECD 73.7 73.8 73.0 72.7
Non-OECD Asia 14.2 14.9 15.5 15.7
Latin America 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.1
Other non-OECD countries 9.4 8.2 8.3 8.4
Total of non-OECD countries 26.2 26.1 27.0 27.3
1997 1998 1999 2000
A. Exports
Canada 3.6 3.7 4.0 4.2
France 5.3 5.6 5.3 4.8
Germany 8.6 9.1 8.8 8.0
Italy 4.3 4.5 4.1 3.8
Japan 6.7 6.2 6.3 6.5
United Kingdom 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.1
United States 13.7 14.0 13.9 13.9
Other OECD countries 25.2 26.4 26.4 25.6
Total OECD 72.9 75.1 74.4 71.8
Non-OECD Asia 15.8 14.8 15.2 16.3
Latin America 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.9
Other non-OECD countries 8.3 7.2 7.7 9.0
Total of non-OECD countries 27.1 24.9 25.6 28.2
B. Imports
Canada 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.6
France 4.8 5.2 4.9 4.6
Germany 8.3 8.8 8.6 7.9
Italy 3.7 4.0 3.8 3.6
Japan 6.1 5.2 5.4 5.6
United Kingdom 5.6 5.9 5.8 5.5
United States 15.5 16.5 17.7 18.6
Other OECD countries 24.6 25.4 25.5 24.9
Total OECD 72.1 74.4 75.5 74.5
Non-OECD Asia 15.8 13.8 14.1 15.4
Latin America 3.5 3.6 3.0 2.9
Other non-OECD countries 8.6 8.2 7.4 7.2
Total of non-OECD countries 27.9 25.6 24.5 25.5
2001 2002 2003 2004
A. Exports
Canada 4.1 3.8 3.5 3.4
France 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.7
Germany 8.6 9.0 9.4 9.3
Italy 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.8
Japan 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.4
United Kingdom 5.1 5.2 5.0 4.8
United States 13.5 12.5 11.1 10.5
Other OECD countries 26.3 26.6 27.2 27.2
Total OECD 72.2 71.5 70.6 69.1
Non-OECD Asia 16.0 16.8 17.1 17.7
Latin America 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.9
Other non-OECD countries 8.8 8.9 9.6 10.4
Total of non-OECD countries 27.8 28.5 29.4 30.9
B. Imports
Canada 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.0
France 4.7 4.6 4.8 4.7
Germany 8.1 7.9 8.4 8.1
Italy 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.8
Japan 5.3 4.9 4.7 4.7
United Kingdom 5.6 5.8 5.5 5.4
United States 18.2 17.8 16.6 16.0
Other OECD countries 25.0 25.5 26.2 26.3
Total OECD 74.2 73.7 73.3 72.0
Non-OECD Asia 15.0 15.6 15.9 16.8
Latin America 3.0 2.5 2.3 2.4
Other non-OECD countries 7.8 8.2 8.5 8.9
Total of non-OECD countries 25.8 26.3 26.7 28.0
2005 2006 2007 2008
A. Exports
Canada 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.6
France 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.0
Germany 8.9 8.9 9.1 9.2
Italy 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5
Japan 5.1 4.8 4.5 4.4
United Kingdom 4.6 4.6 4.2 3.8
United States 10.2 9.9 9.6 9.1
Other OECD countries 26.5 26.2 26.6 26.9
Total OECD 66.6 65.2 64.7 63.6
Non-OECD Asia 18.5 19.2 19.6 19.5
Latin America 3.1 3.3 3.2 2.9
Other non-OECD countries 11.8 12.3 12.5 13.9
Total of non-OECD countries 33.4 34.8 35.3 36.4
B. Imports
Canada 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.6
France 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4
Germany 7.8 7.9 7.9 8.0
Italy 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.6
Japan 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.2
United Kingdom 5.3 5.3 4.9 4.4
United States 15.9 15.3 14.0 12.9
Other OECD countries 25.9 25.9 26.6 26.9
Total OECD 70.7 69.8 68.4 66.9
Non-OECD Asia 17.3 17.5 17.6 18.2
Latin America 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.8
Other non-OECD countries 9.4 10.0 11.1 12.1
Total of non-OECD countries 29.3 30.2 31.6 33.1
2009
A. Exports
Canada 2.5
France 3.9
Germany 9.0
Italy 3.4
Japan 4.3
United Kingdom 3.6
United States 9.1
Other OECD countries 26.5
Total OECD 62.3
Non-OECD Asia 20.5
Latin America 2.9
Other non-OECD countries 14.3
Total of non-OECD countries 37.7
B. Imports
Canada 2.5
France 4.2
Germany 7.8
Italy 3.5
Japan 4.0
United Kingdom 4.2
United States 12.2
Other OECD countries 26.5
Total OECD 64.9
Non-OECD Asia 19.3
Latin America 2.9
Other non-OECD countries 13.0
Total of non-OECD countries 35.1
Note: Regional aggregates are calculated inclusive
of intra-regional trade.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 46. Geographical structure of world trade growth
Average of export and import volumes
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
A. Trade growth by main regions percentage changes from
previous year
NAFTA (1) 6.5 11.1 8.3 8.9 12.8
OECD Europe 0.1 8.5 8.3 5.3 10.2
OECD Asia & Pacific (2) 1.6 8.6 11.0 10.2 7.4
Total OECD 2.1 9.2 8.7 7.1 10.5
Non-OECD Asia 12.6 15.2 15.0 7.0 8.0
Latin America 15.4 10.0 11.9 5.9 13.7
Other non-OECD countries 2.6 2.6 5.9 5.3 8.2
Non-OECD 9.9 10.9 11.9 6.3 8.7
World 4.0 9.7 9.6 6.9 10.0
B. Contribution to World Trade percentage points
growth by main regions
NAFTA (1) 1.3 2.3 1.7 1.8 2.7
OECD Europe 0.0 3.5 3.4 2.1 4.0
OECD Asia & Pacific (2) 0.2 0.9 1.2 1.1 0.8
Total OECD 1.5 6.7 6.3 5.0 7.5
Non-OECD Asia 1.7 2.2 2.3 1.1 1.3
Latin America 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4
Other non-OECD countries 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.7
Non-OECD 2.6 3.0 3.3 1.8 2.5
World 4.0 9.7 9.6 6.9 10.0
1998 1999 2000 2001
A. Trade growth by main regions percentage changes from
previous year
NAFTA (1) 7.9 8.9 11.5 -3.7
OECD Europe 8.2 5.9 11.7 2.6
OECD Asia & Pacific (2) -4.0 7.2 12.7 -3.0
Total OECD 6.3 7.0 11.8 -0.1
Non-OECD Asia -4.8 9.9 19.2 -2.1
Latin America 7.2 -4.8 7.4 2.9
Other non-OECD countries 0.8 0.3 12.1 5.0
Non-OECD -1.6 4.9 15.6 0.6
World 4.1 6.4 12.8 0.1
B. Contribution to World Trade percentage points
growth by main regions
NAFTA (1) 1.7 2.0 2.6 -0.8
OECD Europe 3.2 2.5 4.8 1.1
OECD Asia & Pacific (2) -0.4 0.7 1.3 -0.3
Total OECD 4.5 5.1 8.7 -0.1
Non-OECD Asia -0.8 1.4 2.9 -0.3
Latin America 0.2 -0.2 0.2 0.1
Other non-OECD countries 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.4
Non-OECD -0.4 1.3 4.1 0.2
World 4.1 6.4 12.8 0.1
2002 2003 2004 2005
A. Trade growth by main regions percentage changes from
previous year
NAFTA (1) 1.1 2.4 10.1 6.2
OECD Europe 1.6 2.6 7.1 6.2
OECD Asia & Pacific (2) 7.1 8.2 12.8 6.7
Total OECD 2.2 3.3 8.8 6.3
Non-OECD Asia 11.3 14.4 18.5 13.5
Latin America -4.2 4.5 14.2 12.9
Other non-OECD countries 5.7 8.8 13.0 9.8
Non-OECD 7.8 11.7 16.5 12.4
World 3.7 5.6 11.1 8.2
B. Contribution to World Trade percentage points
growth by main regions
NAFTA (1) 0.2 0.5 2.1 1.3
OECD Europe 0.7 1.0 2.8 2.4
OECD Asia & Pacific (2) 0.7 0.8 1.3 0.7
Total OECD 1.6 2.4 6.2 4.3
Non-OECD Asia 1.7 2.4 3.3 2.6
Latin America -0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4
Other non-OECD countries 0.5 0.8 1.2 0.9
Non-OECD 2.1 3.3 4.9 3.9
World 3.7 5.6 11.1 8.2
2006 2007 2008 2009
A. Trade growth by main regions percentage changes from
previous year
NAFTA (1) 6.7 4.5 2.7 3.5
OECD Europe 8.7 5.0 4.6 4.6
OECD Asia & Pacific (2) 8.2 7.9 7.8 6.3
Total OECD 8.0 5.3 4.6 4.6
Non-OECD Asia 13.1 10.3 8.6 10.4
Latin America 9.6 11.3 9.0 7.9
Other non-OECD countries 11.7 12.0 11.5 10.9
Non-OECD 12.4 10.9 9.5 10.3
World 9.5 7.1 6.3 6.6
B. Contribution to World Trade percentage points
growth by main regions
NAFTA (1) 1.3 0.9 0.5 0.6
OECD Europe 3.3 1.9 1.7 1.7
OECD Asia & Pacific (2) 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6
Total OECD 5.4 3.5 3.0 3.0
Non-OECD Asia 2.6 2.1 1.8 2.3
Latin America 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2
Other non-OECD countries 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
Non-OECD 4.0 3.6 3.3 3.6
World 9.5 7.1 6.3 6.6
Note: Regional aggregates are calculated inclusive of intra-regional
trade as the sum of volumes expressed in 2000 $.
(1.) Canada, Mexico and United States.
(2.) Australia, Japan, Korea and New Zealand.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 47. Trade balances for goods and services
$ billion, national accounts basis
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Australia -3.2 1.1 -0.9 -1.4 -4.3
Austria 0.9 0.2 -0.3 1.6 -1.3
Belgium 3.8 4.1 6.4 7.8 9.6
Canada 0.8 -3.4 -2.2 0.0 6.7
Czech Republic ... ... ... 0.0 -1.1
Denmark 6.3 7.5 9.4 9.4 8.1
Finland -2.5 -1.1 0.6 3.5 5.3
France -16.7 -13.3 2.4 11.1 11.4
Germany 60.2 -6.4 -9.3 -0.9 2.7
Greece -11.4 -11.9 -11.6 -10.7 -9.3
Hungary ... ... ... -3.1 -2.7
Iceland 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.2 0.3
Ireland 2.3 2.5 4.3 5.4 5.6
Italy 2.2 1.3 -1.3 31.3 35.7
Japan 28.5 56.2 82.2 97.0 96.5
Korea -2.8 -8.2 -3.9 1.4 -3.1
Luxembourg 1.7 1.6 2.5 2.8 3.5
Mexico -2.9 -9.1 -18.3 -15.9 -20.2
Netherlands 11.3 12.6 12.7 17.7 19.8
New Zealand 0.1 1.3 0.7 1.2 1.1
Norway 7.7 9.4 8.7 7.6 7.6
Poland ... ... ... 0.8 2.1
Portugal -5.1 -6.3 -7.7 -6.4 -6.7
Slovak Republic ... ... ... -0.6 0.8
Spain -16.9 -17.2 -16.4 -3.2 0.1
Sweden 1.1 4.2 4.6 7.6 9.9
Switzerland 4.2 5.9 10.9 14.4 14.6
Turkey -2.1 0.3 0.2 -4.8 6.1
United Kingdom -25.2 -10.9 -13.1 -9.5 -7.1
United States -78.0 -27.5 -33.3 -65.0 -93.6
Euro area 29.7 -33.7 -17.8 60.0 76.3
Total OECD -35.7 -7.0 27.2 99.3 98.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Australia -5.1 -0.4 2.0 -6.2 -9.6
Austria -1.1 -1.9 0.7 3.0 3.8
Belgium 12.0 11.9 10.7 10.3 10.6
Canada 18.9 24.7 12.6 12.3 24.2
Czech Republic -2.4 -3.6 -3.1 -0.7 -0.7
Denmark 7.4 9.1 6.3 3.7 8.8
Finland 9.3 9.2 10.0 11.6 13.2
France 18.6 24.2 41.3 37.4 30.0
Germany 11.9 22.0 26.9 29.7 18.1
Greece -12.4 -14.1 -13.1 -14.7 -15.7
Hungary -0.1 0.3 0.5 -0.6 -1.3
Iceland 0.3 0.0 0.0 -0.4 -0.4
Ireland 7.8 8.9 10.6 10.4 13.5
Italy 42.7 59.0 46.0 37.3 22.4
Japan 74.8 23.4 47.4 72.3 69.4
Korea -5.7 -19.2 -4.5 44.2 29.8
Luxembourg 4.3 4.3 3.2 3.2 4.1
Mexico 7.7 7.1 -0.1 -8.6 -7.7
Netherlands 23.8 22.1 21.9 18.9 17.4
New Zealand 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.2 -0.6
Norway 9.2 14.3 13.0 2.8 11.6
Poland 3.0 -2.2 -6.1 -8.3 -9.9
Portugal -7.3 -8.2 -9.0 -10.6 -12.4
Slovak Republic 0.4 -2.3 -2.1 -2.4 -0.9
Spain 0.0 3.3 5.0 -1.4 -11.3
Sweden 17.5 18.4 18.9 16.8 16.6
Switzerland 16.1 14.7 14.1 13.1 14.9
Turkey -0.1 -3.1 -1.1 2.8 0.9
United Kingdom -4.8 -3.8 2.9 -11.9 -25.0
United States -91.4 -96.3 -101.6 -160.0 -260.5
Euro area 109.7 140.7 154.1 135.1 93.6
Total OECD 156.1 122.2 153.5 104.1 -47.1
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Australia -3.9 2.5 -4.3 -13.5 -17.6
Austria 3.2 5.0 9.2 9.2 12.2
Belgium 7.6 8.6 11.6 13.8 15.5
Canada 41.6 41.2 32.4 32.5 41.8
Czech Republic -1.7 -1.5 -1.6 -2.1 0.0
Denmark 9.6 10.7 10.2 13.3 11.9
Finland 11.9 12.1 12.8 11.8 13.3
France 12.4 15.6 25.3 19.0 0.4
Germany 7.0 38.4 93.3 97.9 136.5
Greece -17.2 -15.3 -17.7 -24.7 -28.5
Hungary -1.7 -0.6 -1.3 -3.3 -2.9
Iceland -0.6 -0.1 0.1 -0.3 -0.7
Ireland 12.9 16.4 21.4 25.6 27.8
Italy 10.5 15.3 11.6 7.3 9.7
Japan 68.0 26.1 51.2 69.3 89.0
Korea 16.1 11.1 7.5 14.6 28.9
Luxembourg 4.4 3.5 4.3 6.2 7.9
Mexico -11.4 -13.8 -11.6 -10.2 -13.7
Netherlands 21.3 23.2 28.8 33.9 45.1
New Zealand 0.4 1.5 0.8 0.7 -0.5
Norway 28.6 28.9 25.9 29.2 35.1
Poland -11.0 -7.0 -6.8 -5.5 -4.8
Portugal -12.3 -11.6 -10.6 -10.3 -14.0
Slovak Republic -0.5 -1.7 -1.8 -0.6 -1.1
Spain -18.2 -15.4 -14.7 -21.1 -41.8
Sweden 15.4 15.2 16.9 21.3 29.1
Switzerland 14.6 12.6 18.4 21.4 25.0
Turkey -8.0 7.8 3.8 -3.2 -10.4
United Kingdom -29.2 -38.6 -46.5 -48.3 -64.1
United States -379.5 -367.0 -424.4 -499.4 -615.4
Euro area 43.6 95.8 175.2 168.5 184.1
Total OECD -209.7 -176.9 -155.9 -215.6 -286.2
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Australia -12.8 -8.7 -16.3 -1.8 4.3
Austria 13.6 19.0 27.4 35.9 38.1
Belgium 13.8 12.0 12.6 6.6 5.3
Canada 43.3 32.6 28.5 18.1 9.3
Czech Republic 4.0 4.5 8.3 11.7 14.7
Denmark 12.8 7.6 3.6 1.4 1.5
Finland 8.9 10.4 11.4 9.5 6.6
France -18.0 -27.8 -50.0 -61.5 -56.3
Germany 140.8 159.4 235.7 287.7 292.0
Greece -27.9 -33.8 -41.4 -49.4 -52.4
Hungary -1.2 0.7 3.1 5.3 6.6
Iceland -2.0 -3.0 -2.1 -1.3 -0.6
Ireland 24.8 23.7 27.2 31.5 34.3
Italy -3.0 -17.4 -9.5 -10.1 -6.6
Japan 63.4 54.5 73.3 63.4 71.4
Korea 18.7 8.2 8.1 -2.6 -4.5
Luxembourg 8.5 12.5 15.0 16.8 18.3
Mexico -11.7 -10.7 -16.2 -19.1 -31.2
Netherlands 50.4 49.9 61.4 58.4 59.6
New Zealand -2.3 -1.7 -1.4 -0.7 -1.6
Norway 49.7 61.3 64.7 94.7 93.3
Poland -1.0 -4.7 -9.7 -16.6 -21.2
Portugal -16.4 -15.6 -16.1 -21.2 -22.2
Slovak Republic -2.2 -2.1 -0.4 -0.8 0.1
Spain -59.7 -75.8 -94.3 -110.3 -108.0
Sweden 28.4 32.3 35.0 39.4 40.3
Switzerland 24.2 29.3 39.2 42.6 46.8
Turkey -16.9 -26.0 -33.5 -37.0 -40.8
United Kingdom -80.2 -85.7 -98.6 -105.1 -107.5
United States -714.6 -762.0 -708.0 -723.2 -632.7
Euro area 135.7 116.5 179.5 193.9 208.9
Total OECD -464.7 -557.3 -442.9 -437.6 -343.2
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 48. Investment income, net
$ billion
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Australia -13.2 -12.2 -10.1 -8.1 -12.4
Austria -0.9 -1.4 -1.4 -1.5 -1.7
Belgium (1) 4.8 5.7 6.4 6.9 7.4
Canada -19.4 -17.4 -17.5 -20.8 -18.9
Czech Republic ... ... ... -0.1 0.0
Denmark -5.1 -5.1 -4.9 -3.8 -3.8
Finland -3.7 -4.7 -5.4 -4.9 -4.4
France -1.9 -3.6 -6.4 -7.0 -6.2
Germany 15.3 18.0 18.2 11.5 1.4
Greece -2.0 -2.0 -2.4 -1.6 -1.4
Hungary ... ... ... -1.5 -1.6
Iceland -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1 -0.2
Ireland -5.0 -4.6 -5.6 -5.2 -5.4
Italy -14.6 -17.5 -22.0 -17.4 -16.9
Japan 22.7 26.0 35.6 40.7 40.6
Korea -0.1 -0.2 -0.4 -0.4 -0.5
Luxembourg ... ... ... ... ...
Mexico -8.6 -8.6 -9.6 -11.4 -13.0
Netherlands -0.6 0.4 -1.0 0.9 3.6
New Zealand -1.6 -2.5 -2.5 -2.9 -3.4
Norway -2.7 -2.7 -3.4 -3.3 -2.2
Poland ... ... ... ... -2.6
Portugal 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.3 -0.5
Slovak Republic ... ... ... 0.0 -0.1
Spain -3.5 -4.3 -5.8 -3.6 -7.8
Sweden -4.5 -6.4 -10.0 -8.7 -5.9
Switzerland 7.9 7.9 7.4 8.2 6.9
Turkey -2.5 -2.7 -2.6 -2.7 -3.3
United Kingdom -5.1 -5.9 0.2 -0.3 5.1
United States 28.5 24.1 24.2 25.3 17.1
Euro area -12.1 -13.7 -24.6 -21.7 -31.8
Total OECD -15.9 -19.5 -18.4 -11.8 -29.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Australia -14.0 -15.2 -13.8 -11.4 -11.6
Austria -2.4 -0.9 -1.5 -2.0 -2.9
Belgium (1) 7.3 6.8 6.3 6.9 6.7
Canada -22.7 -21.5 -20.9 -20.0 -22.6
Czech Republic -0.1 -0.7 -0.8 -1.1 -1.4
Denmark -3.8 -3.7 -3.4 -2.8 -2.6
Finland -4.4 -3.7 -2.4 -3.1 -2.0
France -8.4 -1.9 7.1 8.7 22.9
Germany -2.8 0.8 -2.7 -10.8 -12.4
Greece -1.8 -2.1 -1.7 -1.6 -0.7
Hungary -1.7 -2.0 -2.7 -3.0 -2.9
Iceland -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2
Ireland -7.3 -8.2 -9.7 -10.5 -13.7
Italy -15.8 -15.3 -10.1 -11.0 -11.1
Japan 44.2 53.3 58.1 54.8 58.0
Korea -1.3 -1.8 -2.5 -5.6 -5.2
Luxembourg 1.6 1.3 0.5 0.2 -0.5
Mexico -13.3 -13.9 -12.8 -13.3 -12.9
Netherlands 7.3 3.5 7.0 -2.7 3.5
New Zealand -4.0 -4.7 -4.9 -2.6 -3.1
Norway -1.9 -1.9 -1.7 -1.2 -1.3
Poland -2.0 -1.1 -1.1 -1.2 -1.0
Portugal 0.2 -0.9 -1.3 -1.5 -1.6
Slovak Republic 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3
Spain -5.4 -7.5 -7.4 -8.6 -9.5
Sweden -5.5 -6.3 -4.9 -3.2 -2.0
Switzerland 10.7 11.6 15.3 17.0 19.4
Turkey -3.2 -2.9 -3.0 -3.0 -3.5
United Kingdom 3.4 0.8 5.4 20.4 2.1
United States 20.9 22.3 12.6 4.3 13.9
Euro area -32.1 -28.2 -16.1 -36.1 -21.5
Total OECD -26.6 -16.1 2.6 -8.3 1.4
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Australia -10.8 -9.9 -11.5 -15.0 -21.0
Austria -2.5 -3.1 -1.6 -1.2 -1.2
Belgium (1) 6.3 4.6 4.5 6.5 5.7
Canada -22.3 -25.4 -19.3 -21.3 -18.6
Czech Republic -1.4 -2.2 -3.5 -4.3 -6.1
Denmark -3.6 -3.6 -2.7 -2.6 -2.2
Finland -1.7 -1.0 -0.6 -2.6 0.2
France 19.4 19.5 8.7 14.9 22.5
Germany -8.9 -10.0 -17.3 -17.1 25.1
Greece -0.9 -1.8 -2.0 -4.5 -5.4
Hungary -2.6 -2.9 -3.6 -4.2 -6.1
Iceland -0.2 -0.3 0.0 -0.2 -0.6
Ireland -13.5 -16.4 -22.4 -24.8 -28.0
Italy -11.9 -10.4 -14.6 -20.5 -18.7
Japan 60.6 69.4 66.0 71.8 86.2
Korea -2.4 -1.2 0.4 0.3 1.1
Luxembourg -1.3 -1.6 -3.4 -4.0 -4.3
Mexico -15.0 -13.9 -12.7 -12.3 -10.3
Netherlands -2.3 -0.2 0.1 1.2 11.3
New Zealand -3.4 -3.1 -3.2 -4.2 -5.9
Norway -2.3 0.2 0.6 1.4 0.5
Poland -1.5 -1.4 -1.9 -3.6 -8.3
Portugal -2.4 -3.5 -3.0 -2.6 -3.7
Slovak Republic -0.4 -0.3 -0.5 -0.1 -0.4
Spain -6.9 -11.3 -11.6 -11.7 -15.1
Sweden -1.4 -1.4 -1.8 3.9 -0.4
Switzerland 21.2 13.8 10.7 25.9 27.2
Turkey -4.0 -5.0 -4.6 -5.6 -5.5
United Kingdom 6.9 16.8 35.5 40.3 48.9
United States 21.1 31.7 27.7 45.4 56.4
Euro area -26.5 -35.2 -63.3 -66.5 -11.7
Total OECD 12.0 26.1 12.3 49.3 123.1
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Australia -27.7 -32.4 -40.1 -50.6 -59.4
Austria -1.5 -3.8 -5.3 -7.4 -8.8
Belgium (1) 5.3 7.6 8.8 12.0 13.3
Canada -18.6 -10.5 -14.8 -20.1 -21.0
Czech Republic -6.5 -9.0 -12.6 -18.3 -20.3
Denmark 1.6 2.7 2.2 3.7 4.2
Finland -0.3 0.8 0.8 2.3 3.3
France 23.2 26.1 41.2 40.4 42.8
Germany 31.4 47.4 58.7 64.7 65.3
Greece -7.0 -9.0 -12.5 -13.5 -14.5
Hungary -7.2 -7.8 -10.9 -13.9 -15.5
Iceland -0.6 -1.2 -1.1 -1.3 -1.0
Ireland -31.0 -31.1 -36.9 -42.9 -42.9
Italy -16.7 -17.0 -26.7 -30.8 -40.2
Japan 103.3 118.0 138.8 156.5 155.6
Korea -1.6 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.1
Luxembourg -6.7 -10.6 -14.7 -17.1 -17.9
Mexico -13.6 -14.5 -13.9 -15.3 -16.2
Netherlands 5.3 20.4 8.4 14.4 14.9
New Zealand -7.4 -7.9 -9.2 -10.5 -10.6
Norway 2.1 -0.5 2.4 5.2 7.7
Poland -6.7 -9.5 -12.8 -18.9 -27.0
Portugal -4.8 -8.0 -10.2 -13.0 -13.6
Slovak Republic -2.0 -2.1 -3.2 -4.1 -4.5
Spain -21.3 -26.4 -45.4 -56.8 -61.4
Sweden 2.8 7.4 10.1 12.0 13.2
Switzerland 37.9 37.0 41.2 20.8 25.2
Turkey -5.8 -6.6 -6.8 -6.3 -6.2
United Kingdom 46.2 14.0 11.0 38.3 43.1
United States 48.1 36.6 74.3 123.7 105.7
Euro area -24.0 -3.6 -33.7 -47.6 -59.8
Total OECD 120.3 111.0 121.7 154.6 114.1
Note: The classification of non-factor services and investment income
is affected by the change in reporting system to the International
Monetary Fund, Fifth Balance of Payments Manual.
(1.) Including Luxembourg until 1994.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 49. Total transfers, net
$ billion
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Australia 0.4 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2
Austria 0.0 -0.1 -1.0 -1.0 -1.1
Belgium (1) -2.1 -2.1 -2.5 -2.6 -3.3
Canada -0.8 -1.1 -0.9 -0.6 -0.3
Czech Republic ... ... ... 0.1 0.1
Denmark -1.2 -1.6 -1.7 -1.7 -2.0
Finland -1.0 -1.0 -0.8 -0.4 -0.5
France -16.2 -15.4 -18.9 -10.2 -13.3
Germany -14.8 -35.5 -32.5 -33.0 -36.5
Greece (2) 4.7 6.2 6.5 6.5 6.9
Hungary ... ... ... 0.2 0.2
Iceland 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Ireland 2.3 2.6 2.1 1.9 1.7
Italy -4.0 -7.6 -7.8 -7.3 -7.2
Japan -4.7 -8.3 -3.9 -5.3 -6.1
Korea 1.1 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.3
Luxembourg ... ... ... ... ...
Mexico 4.0 3.0 3.4 3.6 3.8
Netherlands -2.9 -4.1 -4.4 -4.5 -5.2
New Zealand 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3
Norway -1.5 -1.5 -1.8 -1.4 -1.7
Poland ... ... ... ... 1.3
Portuga1 (2) 5.4 6.0 7.9 6.8 5.4
Slovak Republic .. .. .. 0.1 0.1
Spain 2.7 2.7 2.1 1.3 1.2
Sweden -1.0 -1.1 -1.4 -1.2 -1.2
Switzerland -2.4 -2.6 -3.0 -3.0 -3.5
Turkey 4.5 5.1 3.9 3.7 3.0
United Kingdom -8.8 -2.1 -9.9 -7.9 -8.2
United States -26.7 9.9 -35.1 -39.8 -40.3
Euro area -25.7 -48.4 -49.4 -42.6 -51.8
Total OECD -62.5 -47.6 -98.7 -94.5 -105.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Australia -0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.3 0.0
Austria -1.7 -1.8 -1.7 -1.9 -2.0
Belgium (1) -4.2 -4.1 -3.7 -4.3 -4.6
Canada -0.1 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5
Czech Republic 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6
Denmark -2.4 -2.6 -1.8 -2.3 -2.9
Finland -0.4 -0.9 -0.7 -1.0 -1.0
France -5.9 -7.4 -13.2 -12.1 -13.2
Germany -38.6 -34.0 -30.5 -30.2 -26.4
Greece (2) 8.0 8.0 8.3 7.9 4.1
Hungary 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.4
Iceland 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Ireland 1.8 2.2 2.0 1.5 1.3
Italy -4.2 -6.6 -4.2 -7.4 -5.4
Japan -7.8 -9.1 -8.8 -8.8 -10.8
Korea 0.0 0.0 0.6 3.3 1.9
Luxembourg -0.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.6
Mexico 4.0 4.5 5.2 6.0 6.3
Netherlands -6.4 -6.8 -6.1 -7.2 -6.4
New Zealand 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.2
Norway -2.1 -1.5 -1.4 -1.5 -1.4
Poland 1.0 1.7 2.0 2.9 2.2
Portuga1 (2) 7.3 4.4 3.8 4.0 3.8
Slovak Republic 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2
Spain 4.8 3.2 3.0 3.2 3.0
Sweden -2.6 -1.9 -2.4 -2.5 -2.7
Switzerland -4.4 -4.3 -4.1 -4.6 -5.3
Turkey 4.4 4.1 4.5 5.5 4.9
United Kingdom -11.9 -7.4 -9.7 -13.9 -12.2
United States -38.1 -43.0 -45.1 -53.2 -50.4
Euro area -40.1 -44.4 -43.6 -47.9 -47.3
Total OECD -99.2 -102.2 -102.9 -115.3 -115.9
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Australia 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.3
Austria -1.3 -1.2 -1.8 -2.3 -1.4
Belgium (1) -3.9 -4.1 -4.4 -6.4 -6.5
Canada 0.8 1.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.3
Czech Republic 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.2
Denmark -3.0 -2.6 -2.6 -3.7 -4.6
Finland -0.7 -0.7 -0.8 -1.1 -1.1
France -14.0 -14.8 -14.2 -19.2 -21.8
Germany -25.7 -23.9 -25.9 -32.1 -34.6
Greece (2) 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.3 4.5
Hungary 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.3
Iceland 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Ireland 0.9 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.5
Italy -4.3 -5.8 -5.5 -8.1 -10.3
Japan -9.8 -8.1 -85.0 -7.7 -8.0
Korea 0.6 -0.4 -1.6 -2.9 -2.4
Luxembourg -0.5 -0.5 -0.3 -0.6 -1.1
Mexico 7.0 9.3 10.3 14.1 17.2
Netherlands -6.3 -6.7 -6.5 -7.2 -10.4
New Zealand 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
Norway -1.3 -1.6 -2.2 -2.9 -2.6
Poland 2.4 2.9 3.3 4.2 3.7
Portuga1 (2) 3.4 3.4 2.8 3.3 3.5
Slovak Republic 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
Spain 1.6 1.3 2.4 -0.6 -0.1
Sweden -2.5 -2.5 -2.9 -2.4 -4.7
Switzerland -4.5 -5.5 -5.9 -5.5 -6.3
Turkey 4.8 3.0 2.4 1.0 1.1
United Kingdom -15.1 -9.7 -13.6 -16.5 -20.1
United States -58.6 -51.3 -63.6 -70.6 -84.4
Euro area -47.3 -49.5 -50.0 -69.6 -78.8
Total OECD -125.6 -113.6 -133.3 -161.3 -189.8
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Australia -0.5 -0.4 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3
Austria -1.6 -1.4 -1.4 -2.3 -2.7
Belgium (1) -6.3 -6.6 -7.9 -9.2 -9.7
Canada -0.7 -0.6 -0.3 -0.5 -0.5
Czech Republic 0.5 -0.3 -0.4 -0.1 0.5
Denmark -4.2 -4.6 -5.0 -6.1 -6.2
Finland -1.5 -1.7 -1.9 -4.4 -4.4
France -27.5 -27.3 -30.6 -35.2 -36.1
Germany -35.8 -33.6 -42.0 -46.6 -48.1
Greece (2) 3.9 4.3 2.2 4.6 4.6
Hungary 0.2 0.5 0.4 1.3 1.5
Iceland 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1
Ireland 0.3 -0.6 -1.7 -0.3 -0.5
Italy -12.0 -16.7 -16.8 -25.5 -25.7
Japan -7.6 -10.6 -11.6 -13.3 -13.3
Korea -2.5 -4.1 -3.6 -2.1 -1.9
Luxembourg -1.2 -1.3 -2.4 -2.2 -2.5
Mexico 20.7 24.1 24.4 22.7 24.6
Netherlands -11.4 -12.5 -12.7 -18.3 -18.9
New Zealand 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5
Norway -2.7 -2.3 -2.6 -3.3 -3.8
Poland 5.0 6.6 8.5 9.2 10.6
Portuga1 (2) 2.8 3.2 3.6 3.9 3.9
Slovak Republic 0.0 -0.1 -0.4 0.4 0.7
Spain -4.2 -7.3 -9.9 -7.7 -7.8
Sweden -4.6 -4.7 -5.1 -5.9 -6.2
Switzerland -11.9 -10.3 -10.5 -11.9 -13.6
Turkey 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.9
United Kingdom -21.9 -22.0 -27.8 -25.6 -25.5
United States -88.5 -89.6 -104.4 -114.7 -118.7
Euro area -94.5 -101.4 -121.7 -143.3 -147.8
Total OECD -211.3 -217.7 -258.0 -291.3 -297.5
(1.) Including Luxembourg until 1994.
(2.) Breaks between 1998 and 1999 for Greece and between 1995
and 1996 for Portugal, reflecting change in methodology to the
International Monetary Fund, Fifth Balance of Payments Manual
(capital transfers from European Union are excluded from the
current account).
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 50. Current account balances
$ billion
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Australia -15.9 -11.0 -11.1 -9.7 -17.1
Austria 1.3 0.1 -0.7 -1.4 -3.3
Belgium (1) 6.1 7.2 9.9 13.0 14.2
Canada -19.8 -22.4 -21.1 -21.7 -13.0
Czech Republic ... ... ... 0.5 -0.8
Denmark 0.6 1.2 3.2 3.9 2.3
Finland -7.0 -6.8 -5.1 -1.1 1.0
France -16.5 -12.1 -3.4 7.2 5.4
Germany 33.2 -24.0 -22.0 -19.5 -30.8
Greece (2) -4.7 -2.6 -3.6 -1.9 -1.4
Hungary ... ... ... -3.7 -4.2
Iceland -0.1 -0.3 -0.2 0.0 0.1
Ireland -0.5 0.3 0.5 1.8 1.5
Italy -16.8 -24.3 -30.2 7.9 12.5
Japan 46.6 72.7 108.3 130.0 130.6
Korea -2.0 -8.4 -4.1 0.8 -4.0
Luxembourg ... ... ... ... ...
Mexico -7.5 -14.6 -24.4 -23.4 -29.7
Netherlands 8.2 7.4 6.9 13.2 17.3
New Zealand -1.4 -1.2 -1.7 -1.7 -2.0
Norway 4.0 5.0 3.0 2.2 3.8
Poland ... ... ... ... 1.0
Portuga1 (2) -0.2 -0.7 -0.3 0.3 -2.3
Slovak Republic ... ... ... -0.6 0.8
Spain -18.1 -19.9 -21.6 -5.6 -6.5
Sweden -5.4 -3.7 -7.5 -2.6 2.5
Switzerland 8.4 10.1 14.7 18.9 17.0
Turkey -2.6 0.2 -1.0 -6.4 2.6
United Kingdom -39.1 -19.0 -22.7 -17.7 -10.1
United States -79.0 2.9 -50.1 -84.8 -121.6
Euro area -14.9 -75.4 -69.6 13.9 7.7
Total OECD -128.1 -63.8 -84.3 -2.1 -34.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Australia -19.3 -15.5 -11.8 -17.8 -21.3
Austria -6.2 -5.4 -6.5 -5.2 -6.7
Belgium (1) 15.3 13.8 13.8 13.3 12.9
Canada -4.4 3.4 -8.2 -7.7 1.7
Czech Republic -1.4 -4.1 -3.6 -1.3 -1.5
Denmark 1.2 2.7 0.7 -1.5 3.4
Finland 5.4 5.1 6.8 7.3 8.1
France 11.0 20.8 37.2 38.9 45.7
Germany -29.4 -13.7 -10.2 -17.0 -27.8
Greece (2) -4.5 -6.4 -5.3 -3.8 -7.7
Hungary -1.6 -1.7 -2.0 -3.4 -3.8
Iceland 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.6 -0.6
Ireland 1.7 2.0 1.9 0.7 0.3
Italy 25.0 39.2 33.7 22.9 8.2
Japan 114.3 64.8 97.0 119.7 115.6
Korea -8.7 -23.1 -8.3 40.4 24.5
Luxembourg 2.5 2.3 1.9 1.8 1.8
Mexico -1.6 -2.5 -7.7 -16.0 -13.9
Netherlands 25.8 21.5 25.1 13.0 15.7
New Zealand -3.0 -3.9 -4.3 -2.1 -3.5
Norway 5.2 10.9 10.0 0.0 8.9
Poland 0.9 -3.3 -5.8 -6.9 -12.5
Portuga1 (2) -0.2 -4.9 -6.6 -8.4 -10.3
Slovak Republic 0.5 -2.0 -1.8 -2.0 -1.0
Spain -1.7 -1.4 -0.6 -7.2 -17.9
Sweden 8.4 9.8 10.3 9.7 10.7
Switzerland 20.6 21.3 24.7 25.0 29.0
Turkey -2.3 -2.4 -2.6 2.0 -1.3
United Kingdom -13.4 -10.5 -1.4 -5.3 -35.2
United States -113.6 -124.8 -140.7 -215.1 -301.6
Euro area 44.8 72.8 91.3 56.3 22.1
Total OECD 26.8 -8.3 35.7 -26.5 -180.4
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Australia -14.7 -7.4 -15.8 -28.6 -38.9
Austria -5.0 -3.7 0.7 -0.5 5.0
Belgium (1) 9.4 7.9 11.7 12.9 12.6
Canada 19.7 16.3 12.6 10.6 22.3
Czech Republic -2.7 -3.3 -4.2 -5.8 -5.7
Denmark 2.5 4.2 5.0 7.3 5.7
Finland 9.9 10.8 12.0 8.5 12.4
France 22.2 26.3 19.2 15.6 9.5
Germany -33.8 0.4 41.1 48.0 126.3
Greece (2) -9.9 -9.5 -10.1 -12.8 -13.3
Hungary -4.0 -3.2 -4.7 -6.7 -8.6
Iceland -0.9 -0.4 0.1 -0.5 -1.3
Ireland -0.3 -0.7 -1.2 0.0 -1.1
Italy -5.7 -0.7 -9.7 -20.9 -19.4
Japan 118.7 88.4 112.3 136.4 170.9
Korea 12.3 8.0 5.4 11.9 28.2
Luxembourg 2.7 1.8 2.3 2.4 4.1
Mexico -18.7 -17.7 -14.1 -8.6 -6.6
Netherlands 7.2 9.8 11.1 29.9 46.0
New Zealand -2.7 -1.4 -2.3 -3.4 -6.3
Norway 25.1 27.5 24.2 27.7 32.9
Poland -10.0 -5.4 -5.0 -4.6 -10.0
Portuga1 (2) -11.6 -11.5 -10.3 -9.6 -13.6
Slovak Republic -0.7 -1.7 -1.9 -0.3 -1.4
Spain -23.0 -24.0 -22.5 -31.1 -54.9
Sweden 9.4 8.5 9.8 22.3 24.0
Switzerland 30.1 19.7 23.6 42.0 46.9
Turkey -9.8 3.4 -1.5 -8.0 -15.5
United Kingdom -37.4 -31.5 -24.7 -24.5 -35.3
United States -417.4 -384.7 -459.6 -522.1 -640.2
Euro area -37.8 6.8 44.2 42.3 113.5
Total OECD -339.1 -273.8 -296.6 -312.6 -325.4
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Australia -41.0 -41.5 -56.7 -52.6 -55.5
Austria 6.4 8.9 11.7 15.4 14.9
Belgium (1) 9.9 10.8 6.1 5.8 5.2
Canada 23.3 20.7 12.5 -3.5 -13.2
Czech Republic -2.0 -4.5 -4.3 -6.4 -4.8
Denmark 11.1 7.4 3.5 2.2 2.7
Finland 7.1 9.4 10.5 9.8 7.3
France -19.9 -28.0 -31.0 -56.3 -49.5
Germany 145.0 178.5 255.7 307.1 310.4
Greece (2) -17.8 -29.7 -44.4 -58.2 -62.2
Hungary -7.5 -6.8 -6.9 -7.3 -7.4
Iceland -2.6 -4.2 -3.2 -2.6 -1.6
Ireland -7.0 -9.2 -12.8 -14.6 -11.8
Italy -30.3 -50.0 -54.1 -59.5 -65.7
Japan 166.6 172.0 212.2 217.2 224.2
Korea 15.0 5.4 6.0 -8.1 -9.8
Luxembourg 4.1 4.5 4.9 5.2 5.7
Mexico -5.2 -2.2 -7.4 -10.3 -21.4
Netherlands 45.6 56.0 50.3 54.6 55.7
New Zealand -9.3 -9.1 -10.1 -10.9 -11.9
Norway 49.2 58.5 64.5 96.7 97.2
Poland -3.6 -9.2 -15.8 -26.3 -37.6
Portuga1 (2) -17.6 -19.7 -22.0 -30.2 -31.7
Slovak Republic -4.1 -3.9 -4.0 -4.2 -3.4
Spain -83.1 -106.6 -146.2 -170.8 -173.2
Sweden 24.8 33.3 38.1 45.5 47.2
Switzerland 51.0 57.2 71.4 49.6 57.2
Turkey -22.6 -32.3 -38.6 -42.5 -46.1
United Kingdom -55.8 -93.7 -115.4 -92.4 -89.9
United States -754.8 -811.5 -738.6 -716.7 -648.2
Euro area 42.4 24.9 28.9 8.1 5.0
Total OECD -525.1 -639.2 -563.9 -564.6 -517.4
Note: The balance-of-payments data in this table are based on the
concepts and definition of the International Monetary Fund, Fifth
Balance of Payments Manual.
(1.) Including Luxembourg until 1994.
(2.) Breaks between 1998 and 1999 for Greece and between 1995
and 1996 for Portugal, reflecting change in methodology to the
International Monetary Fund, Fifth Balance of Payments Manual
(capital transfers from European Union are excluded from the
current account).
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 51. Current account balances as a percentage of GDP
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Australia -5.0 -3.4 -3.6 -3.2 -4.9
Austria 0.8 0.1 -0.4 -0.8 -1.6
Belgium (1) 3.0 3.5 4.2 5.8 5.9
Canada -3.4 -3.7 -3.6 -3.9 -2.3
Czech Republic ... ... ... 1.2 -1.8
Denmark 0.4 0.9 2.1 2.8 1.5
Finland -5.0 -5.3 -4.6 -1.3 1.1
France -1.3 -1.0 -0.2 0.6 0.4
Germany 3.0 -1.3 -1.1 -1.0 -1.4
Greece (2) -5.0 -2.5 -3.2 -1.9 -1.2
Hungary ... ... ... -9.4 -9.9
Iceland -2.1 -4.0 -2.4 0.7 1.9
Ireland -0.8 0.7 1.0 3.6 2.7
Italy -1.5 -2.0 -2.4 0.8 1.2
Japan 1.5 2.1 2.8 3.0 2.8
Korea -0.8 -2.7 -1.2 0.2 -1.0
Luxembourg ... ... ... ... ...
Mexico -2.9 -4.7 -6.7 -5.8 -7.1
Netherlands 2.7 2.4 2.0 4.0 4.9
New Zealand -3.2 -2.8 -4.2 -3.9 -3.9
Norway 3.3 4.3 2.3 1.8 3.0
Poland ... ... ... ... 0.9
Portuga1 (2) -0.2 -0.8 -0.2 0.4 -2.3
Slovak Republic ... ... ... -4.6 4.8
Spain -3.5 -3.6 -3.5 -1.1 -1.2
Sweden -2.2 -1.4 -2.8 -1.3 1.1
Switzerland 3.5 4.2 5.8 7.7 6.3
Turkey -1.3 0.1 -0.4 -2.6 2.0
United Kingdom -4.0 -1.8 -2.1 -1.8 -1.0
United States -1.4 0.0 -0.8 -1.3 -1.7
Euro area -0.3 -1.3 -1.1 0.2 0.1
Total OECD -0.7 -0.3 -0.4 0.0 -0.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Australia -5.2 -3.7 -2.9 -4.8 -5.3
Austria -2.6 -2.3 -3.1 -2.4 -3.2
Belgium (1) 5.4 5.0 5.5 5.2 5.1
Canada -0.8 0.5 -1.3 -1.2 0.3
Czech Republic -2.5 -6.6 -6.2 -2.0 -2.4
Denmark 0.7 1.4 0.4 -0.9 1.9
Finland 4.1 4.0 5.6 5.6 6.2
France 0.7 1.3 2.6 2.6 3.1
Germany -1.2 -0.6 -0.5 -0.8 -1.3
Greece (2) -3.4 -4.6 -3.9 -2.8 -5.6
Hungary -3.3 -3.8 -4.3 -7.0 -7.6
Iceland 0.7 -1.8 -1.7 -6.7 -6.7
Ireland 2.6 2.7 2.4 0.8 0.3
Italy 2.2 3.1 2.8 1.9 0.7
Japan 2.2 1.4 2.3 3.1 2.6
Korea -1.7 -4.2 -1.3 11.8 5.5
Luxembourg 12.2 11.2 10.4 9.2 8.3
Mexico -0.5 -0.8 -1.9 -3.8 -2.9
Netherlands 6.2 5.1 6.5 3.2 3.8
New Zealand -5.0 -5.8 -6.4 -3.9 -6.2
Norway 3.5 6.8 6.3 0.0 5.6
Poland 0.6 -2.1 -3.7 -4.0 -7.5
Portuga1 (2) -0.1 -4.2 -5.9 -7.0 -8.5
Slovak Republic 2.6 -9.3 -8.4 -8.8 -4.8
Spain -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 -1.2 -2.9
Sweden 3.3 3.5 4.1 3.8 4.2
Switzerland 6.5 7.0 9.3 9.2 10.8
Turkey -1.2 -1.0 -1.0 0.9 -0.8
United Kingdom -1.2 -0.9 -0.1 -0.4 -2.4
United States -1.5 -1.6 -1.7 -2.5 -3.3
Euro area 0.6 1.0 1.4 0.8 0.3
Total OECD 0.1 0.0 0.1 -0.1 -0.7
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Australia -3.7 -2.0 -3.8 -5.4 -6.1
Austria -2.5 -1.9 0.3 -0.2 1.7
Belgium (1) 4.0 3.4 4.6 4.1 3.5
Canada 2.7 2.3 1.7 1.2 2.3
Czech Republic -4.8 -5.3 -5.5 -6.2 -5.2
Denmark 1.6 2.6 2.9 3.4 2.3
Finland 8.1 8.6 8.8 5.2 6.6
France 1.7 2.0 1.3 0.9 0.5
Germany -1.8 0.0 2.0 1.9 4.6
Greece (2) -7.8 -7.3 -6.8 -6.6 -5.8
Hungary -8.4 -6.0 -6.9 -7.9 -8.4
Iceland -10.2 -4.3 1.5 -4.8 -9.8
Ireland -0.4 -0.6 -1.0 0.0 -0.6
Italy -0.5 -0.1 -0.8 -1.4 -1.1
Japan 2.5 2.2 2.9 3.2 3.7
Korea 2.4 1.7 1.0 2.0 4.2
Luxembourg 13.2 8.8 10.5 8.2 11.9
Mexico -3.2 -2.8 -2.2 -1.3 -1.0
Netherlands 1.9 2.4 2.5 5.5 7.5
New Zealand -5.1 -2.8 -3.9 -4.3 -6.4
Norway 15.0 16.1 12.6 12.3 12.7
Poland -5.8 -2.8 -2.5 -2.1 -4.0
Portuga1 (2) -10.2 -9.9 -8.1 -6.1 -7.6
Slovak Republic -3.6 -8.3 -7.9 -0.9 -3.5
Spain -4.0 -3.9 -3.3 -3.5 -5.3
Sweden 3.8 3.8 4.0 7.1 6.7
Switzerland 12.0 7.7 8.3 12.9 12.9
Turkey -3.7 1.8 -0.7 -2.7 -4.0
United Kingdom -2.6 -2.2 -1.6 -1.3 -1.6
United States -4.3 -3.8 -4.4 -4.8 -5.5
Euro area -0.6 0.1 0.6 0.5 1.2
Total OECD -1.3 -1.1 -1.1 -1.0 -1.0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Australia -5.8 -5.5 -6.2 -4.7 -4.6
Austria 2.1 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.2
Belgium (1) 2.6 2.7 1.4 1.1 0.9
Canada 2.0 1.6 0.9 -0.2 -0.8
Czech Republic -1.6 -3.1 -2.5 -2.6 -1.8
Denmark 4.3 2.7 1.1 0.6 0.7
Finland 3.6 4.5 4.3 3.4 2.4
France -0.9 -1.2 -1.2 -1.8 -1.6
Germany 5.2 6.1 7.7 7.9 7.7
Greece (2) -7.2 -11.1 -14.1 -15.3 -15.2
Hungary -6.8 -6.1 -5.0 -4.4 -4.1
Iceland -16.1 -25.0 -15.7 -13.3 -8.6
Ireland -3.5 -4.2 -5.0 -5.0 -3.8
Italy -1.7 -2.7 -2.6 -2.4 -2.6
Japan 3.7 3.9 4.8 4.4 4.4
Korea 1.9 0.6 0.6 -0.9 -1.0
Luxembourg 11.1 10.5 9.9 9.0 9.2
Mexico -0.7 -0.3 -0.8 -1.0 -2.0
Netherlands 7.2 8.3 6.5 6.1 5.9
New Zealand -8.5 -8.6 -7.9 -7.7 -8.1
Norway 16.3 17.3 16.4 19.4 18.6
Poland -1.2 -2.7 -3.7 -4.5 -5.6
Portuga1 (2) -9.5 -10.1 -9.8 -11.6 -11.6
Slovak Republic -8.6 -7.0 -5.3 -4.3 -3.1
Spain -7.4 -8.6 -10.1 -10.1 -9.8
Sweden 6.8 8.5 8.3 8.6 8.4
Switzerland 13.7 14.7 16.9 9.9 11.0
Turkey -4.7 -6.1 -5.8 -5.4 -5.3
United Kingdom -2.5 -3.9 -4.2 -3.3 -3.1
United States -6.1 -6.2 -5.3 -5.0 -4.4
Euro area 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0
Total OECD -1.5 -1.7 -1.4 -1.3 -1.1
(1.) Including Luxembourg until 1994.
(2.) Breaks between 1998 and 1999 for Greece and between 1995
and 1996 for Portugal, reflecting change in methodology to the
International Monetary Fund, Fifth Balance of Payments Manual
(capital transfers from European Union are excluded from the
current account).
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 52. Structure of current account balances of major world
regions
$ billion
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Goods and services trade
balance (1)
OECD 99 98 156 122 154
Non-OECD of which: -58 -27 -63 -19 -18
Non-OECD Asia of which: -18 -9 -28 -13 20
China -12 7 12 18 40
Dynamic Asia (2) 6 0 -15 -2 4
Other Asia -12 -16 -24 -29 -25
Latin America -6 -7 -19 -17 -31
Africa and Middle-East -34 -11 -16 8 0
Central and Eastern Europe ... ... 0 3 -7
World (3) 41 71 93 103 135
Investment income, net
OECD -12 -30 -27 -16 3
Non-OECD of which: -40 -41 -56 -66 -75
Non-OECD Asia of which: -11 -9 -20 -24 -26
China -1 -1 -12 -12 -16
Dynamic Asia (2) -4 -2 -2 -6 -4
Other Asia -6 -6 -6 -6 -7
Latin America -23 -24 -28 -29 -36
Africa and Middle-East -5 -8 -4 -6 -3
Central and Eastern Europe ... ... -4 -7 -11
World (3) -52 -71 -83 -82 -73
Net transfers, net
OECD -95 -105 -99 -102 -103
Non-OECD of which: 24 25 29 35 40
Non-OECD Asia of which: 13 17 15 19 24
China 1 1 1 2 5
Dynamic Asia (2) 1 1 -2 -2 -4
Other Asia 11 15 16 19 23
Latin America 8 9 11 10 10
Africa and Middle-East 3 -1 -1 1 2
Central and Eastern Europe ... ... 4 4 4
World (3) -70 -80 -70 -68 -63
Current balance
OECD -2 -34 27 -8 36
Non-OECD of which: -74 -44 -90 -50 -53
Non-OECD Asia of which: -16 -1 -33 -18 18
China -12 8 2 7 30
Dynamic Asia (2) 2 -2 -20 -10 -4
Other Asia -7 -7 -14 -15 -8
Latin America -22 -22 -36 -36 -57
Africa and Middle-East -36 -21 -21 4 -1
Central and Eastern Europe ... ... -1 0 -13
World (3) -76 -78 -63 -59 -17
1998 1999 2000 2001
Goods and services trade
balance (1)
OECD 104 -47 -210 -177
Non-OECD of which: -23 91 210 140
Non-OECD Asia of which: 81 81 70 76
China 42 31 29 28
Dynamic Asia (2) 62 70 62 63
Other Asia -23 -19 -21 -15
Latin America -45 -16 -3 -9
Africa and Middle-East -52 4 96 48
Central and Eastern Europe -7 21 47 26
World (3) 81 44 0 -37
Investment income, net
OECD -8 1 12 26
Non-OECD of which: -81 -87 -97 -92
Non-OECD Asia of which: -28 -32 -35 -34
China -17 -14 -15 -19
Dynamic Asia (2) -4 -11 -13 -7
Other Asia -7 -7 -8 -8
Latin America -38 -38 -39 -41
Africa and Middle-East -1 -7 -12 -10
Central and Eastern Europe -14 -10 -11 -7
World (3) -89 -86 -85 -66
Net transfers, net
OECD -115 -116 -126 -114
Non-OECD of which: 36 46 50 59
Non-OECD Asia of which: 18 27 31 36
China 4 5 6 8
Dynamic Asia (2) -4 1 1 1
Other Asia 19 21 24 26
Latin America 11 13 13 16
Africa and Middle-East 1 0 -1 0
Central and Eastern Europe 5 6 7 8
World (3) -79 -70 -76 -55
Current balance
OECD -27 -180 -339 -274
Non-OECD of which: -67 50 163 107
Non-OECD Asia of which: 72 77 65 78
China 29 21 21 17
Dynamic Asia (2) 54 61 50 58
Other Asia -11 -5 -5 3
Latin America -72 -41 -29 -34
Africa and Middle-East -52 -3 83 38
Central and Eastern Europe -15 17 43 26
World (3) -94 -131 -176 -166
2002 2003 2004 2005
Goods and services trade
balance (1)
OECD -156 -216 -286 -465
Non-OECD of which: 187 269 343 561
Non-OECD Asia of which: 106 117 109 175
China 37 36 49 125
Dynamic Asia (2) 80 98 91 94
Other Asia -11 -17 -31 -44
Latin America 22 42 60 76
Africa and Middle-East 36 79 122 231
Central and Eastern Europe 23 30 52 79
World (3) 31 53 57 96
Investment income, net
OECD 12 49 123 120
Non-OECD of which: -101 -108 -131 -146
Non-OECD Asia of which: -35 -23 -28 -24
China -15 -8 -4 11
Dynamic Asia (2) -12 -7 -16 -22
Other Asia -8 -9 -8 -12
Latin America -40 -45 -57 -64
Africa and Middle-East -16 -21 -24 -27
Central and Eastern Europe -9 -18 -22 -33
World (3) -89 -59 -8 -26
Net transfers, net
OECD -133 -161 -190 -211
Non-OECD of which: 74 96 112 135
Non-OECD Asia of which: 45 57 62 77
China 13 18 23 25
Dynamic Asia (2) 2 3 2 7
Other Asia 30 37 37 44
Latin America 18 21 24 29
Africa and Middle-East 2 6 11 11
Central and Eastern Europe 9 12 15 17
World (3) -59 -66 -78 -77
Current balance
OECD -297 -313 -325 -525
Non-OECD of which: 161 257 324 549
Non-OECD Asia of which: 116 151 143 228
China 35 46 69 161
Dynamic Asia (2) 70 95 77 79
Other Asia 11 11 -2 -12
Latin America 0 18 27 41
Africa and Middle-East 22 64 108 216
Central and Eastern Europe 23 24 45 64
World (3) -136 -56 -2 24
2006 2007 2008 2009
Goods and services trade
balance (1)
OECD -557 -443 -438 -343
Non-OECD of which: 729 728 801 682
Non-OECD Asia of which: 290 387 343 334
China 209 294 308 337
Dynamic Asia (2) 137 166 151 132
Other Asia -56 -74 -115 -136
Latin America 89 69 37 7
Africa and Middle-East 256 215 320 272
Central and Eastern Europe 94 57 101 69
World (3) 172 285 364 339
Investment income, net
OECD 111 122 155 114
Non-OECD of which: -165 -152 -143 -127
Non-OECD Asia of which: -22 1 26 47
China 12 24 39 51
Dynamic Asia (2) -21 -11 -2 8
Other Asia -12 -12 -10 -12
Latin America -75 -75 -74 -73
Africa and Middle-East -19 -18 -20 -19
Central and Eastern Europe -49 -61 -76 -82
World (3) -54 -30 11 -13
Net transfers, net
OECD -218 -258 -291 -297
Non-OECD of which: 158 182 206 227
Non-OECD Asia of which: 91 112 134 150
China 29 36 44 47
Dynamic Asia (2) 9 11 13 13
Other Asia 52 64 78 90
Latin America 35 38 38 42
Africa and Middle-East 13 14 15 15
Central and Eastern Europe 19 19 19 20
World (3) -59 -76 -85 -70
Current balance
OECD -639 -564 -565 -517
Non-OECD of which: 723 758 864 783
Non-OECD Asia of which: 359 500 503 530
China 250 355 390 436
Dynamic Asia (2) 126 167 161 152
Other Asia -16 -21 -48 -58
Latin America 50 31 1 -23
Africa and Middle-East 250 212 316 268
Central and Eastern Europe 63 15 44 8
World (3) 84 194 299 265
Note: Historical data for the OECD area are aggregates of reported
balance-of-payments data of each individual country. Because
of various statistical problems as well as a large number of
non-reporters among non-OECD countries, trade and current
account balances estimated on the basis of these countries'
own balance-of-payments records may differ from corresponding
estimates shown in this table.
(1.) National accounts basis for OECD countries and
balance-of-payments basis for the non-OECD regions.
(2.) Dynamic Asia includes Chinese Taipei; Hong Kong, China;
Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines; Singapore and Thailand.
(3.) Reflects statistical errors and asymmetries. Given the very
large gross flows of world balance-of-payments transactions,
statistical errors and asymmetries easily give rise to world
totals (balances) that are sign ificantlydifferent from zero.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 53. Export market growth in goods and services
Percentage changes from previous year
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Australia 6.0 4.5 5.9 5.3 10.9
Austria 5.5 1.9 -1.2 -0.8 8.0
Belgium 5.6 3.8 2.7 -0.1 8.4
Canada 4.0 0.4 6.6 7.6 11.6
Czech Republic ... ... ... ... 7.4
Denmark 4.3 1.5 2.1 0.8 9.1
Finland 1.4 -1.3 -6.1 1.8 8.1
France 5.2 3.8 3.2 0.2 7.8
Germany 4.1 0.9 1.7 1.3 8.4
Greece 3.8 3.2 0.6 2.4 6.3
Hungary ... ... ... ... 7.6
Iceland 4.9 3.1 2.1 0.1 8.5
Ireland 4.8 2.1 4.2 1.0 8.6
Italy 4.3 2.6 -0.1 1.5 7.7
Japan 6.1 7.3 8.4 8.2 12.0
Korea 4.8 5.0 6.5 7.0 10.2
Luxembourg 6.4 3.6 2.9 -1.9 8.4
Mexico 3.9 0.5 7.2 8.4 11.7
Netherlands 5.9 3.5 2.5 -0.5 8.2
New Zealand 3.5 3.0 6.0 4.8 11.2
Norway 3.9 1.4 3.6 1.3 8.9
Poland ... ... ... ... 7.7
Portugal 5.9 5.1 4.2 -0.9 8.5
Slovak Republic ... ... ... ... 8.2
Spain 5.9 3.4 4.1 0.0 8.1
Sweden 3.8 1.6 1.7 2.1 8.6
Switzerland 6.2 4.3 3.2 0.1 8.8
Turkey 2.7 2.1 -3.1 -0.3 6.6
United Kingdom 5.0 3.7 3.1 1.9 9.1
United States 6.0 5.5 6.8 4.6 10.5
Total OECD 5.0 3.3 3.9 2.8 9.3
Memorandum items
China 6.2 4.7 4.8 5.6 10.7
Dynamic Asia (1) 5.8 6.5 8.1 7.7 11.6
Other Asia 4.7 5.0 5.4 4.5 9.4
Latin America 5.1 4.3 7.3 6.7 10.7
Africa and Middle-East 5.8 5.1 4.7 2.9 9.1
Central & Eastern Europe 1.8 -2.4 -8.4 2.1 6.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Australia 12.8 9.1 6.1 -3.2 8.1
Austria 8.6 5.2 9.4 7.5 6.0
Belgium 8.4 5.4 10.0 8.5 7.0
Canada 8.2 8.8 12.8 10.0 10.6
Czech Republic 8.4 6.0 9.7 9.1 5.9
Denmark 8.5 6.4 10.2 7.8 6.2
Finland 8.8 6.1 9.8 5.8 4.3
France 8.3 6.0 9.8 6.9 6.4
Germany 9.0 6.4 10.1 7.2 6.1
Greece 8.7 6.1 10.8 5.8 4.1
Hungary 8.7 5.6 9.2 7.1 5.3
Iceland 8.0 6.5 9.8 8.4 7.4
Ireland 7.7 6.3 9.5 7.5 7.6
Italy 8.5 6.4 10.1 7.1 6.0
Japan 12.2 7.6 9.4 -1.0 9.9
Korea 11.8 9.0 9.0 0.3 7.8
Luxembourg 7.8 4.4 8.9 8.2 6.2
Mexico 8.6 8.3 13.4 10.7 10.1
Netherlands 7.9 5.2 9.2 7.7 6.4
New Zealand 10.5 8.3 8.5 1.7 7.9
Norway 8.0 6.3 10.2 8.2 7.2
Poland 8.5 5.0 9.3 7.6 5.1
Portugal 8.3 5.9 10.7 9.4 7.4
Slovak Republic 10.1 6.3 9.8 8.7 5.8
Spain 7.9 5.3 10.3 8.8 5.6
Sweden 8.3 6.6 10.3 7.2 5.3
Switzerland 9.0 5.7 9.5 6.7 6.8
Turkey 7.7 5.4 9.7 6.3 4.7
United Kingdom 9.1 6.3 10.3 7.6 7.1
United States 7.5 8.4 11.3 3.8 6.5
Total OECD 8.8 6.9 10.2 5.9 7.0
Memorandum items
China 11.5 7.2 8.3 -0.3 7.9
Dynamic Asia (1) 13.2 8.7 7.9 -2.4 9.2
Other Asia 10.4 7.4 8.9 2.2 7.2
Latin America 10.4 7.6 12.6 6.8 4.6
Africa and Middle-East 11.2 7.9 8.2 0.9 7.6
Central & Eastern Europe 10.1 6.2 9.9 5.0 3.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Australia 12.7 -0.5 5.9 8.3 13.2
Austria 11.9 2.2 2.0 5.6 9.5
Belgium 11.9 1.6 1.9 4.1 8.5
Canada 13.1 -2.1 3.4 4.4 11.3
Czech Republic 11.6 2.6 1.6 5.4 8.8
Denmark 11.3 0.8 1.8 4.6 9.2
Finland 12.7 2.5 3.7 6.5 11.4
France 10.9 1.2 2.5 4.8 9.6
Germany 12.3 1.5 3.2 4.9 10.1
Greece 11.5 0.9 3.1 5.3 11.4
Hungary 12.1 2.7 2.3 5.8 9.7
Iceland 11.2 2.0 2.5 3.7 8.4
Ireland 11.2 1.0 2.6 3.8 8.7
Italy 12.4 1.7 2.9 5.4 10.5
Japan 15.3 -1.9 6.4 8.5 14.2
Korea 14.3 -0.3 6.3 9.8 14.2
Luxembourg 11.0 1.4 1.0 3.5 7.6
Mexico 12.8 -2.3 2.9 4.2 11.3
Netherlands 11.4 1.4 1.9 4.4 8.7
New Zealand 11.8 -1.4 5.6 7.4 12.8
Norway 11.6 1.3 2.5 3.5 8.4
Poland 12.2 3.1 2.3 5.7 9.7
Portugal 11.4 2.2 2.1 4.1 8.9
Slovak Republic 12.9 3.4 2.4 5.9 10.5
Spain 11.1 1.4 1.4 3.2 8.6
Sweden 11.3 1.2 3.0 4.2 9.8
Switzerland 11.7 0.8 2.3 5.1 9.5
Turkey 11.5 2.9 3.4 5.4 10.6
United Kingdom 12.4 0.6 2.6 4.5 10.2
United States 12.6 -0.8 2.3 4.8 11.1
Total OECD 12.4 0.4 3.1 5.2 10.6
Memorandum items
China 13.8 -2.0 4.0 5.9 12.5
Dynamic Asia (1) 15.1 -1.0 7.1 10.1 14.5
Other Asia 12.6 -0.5 4.7 6.8 12.4
Latin America 11.9 -0.2 0.9 4.8 11.9
Africa and Middle-East 12.5 -0.4 4.6 6.5 11.7
Central & Eastern Europe 13.7 2.8 4.9 7.9 12.3
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Australia 9.6 8.7 7.1 7.1 7.6
Austria 7.9 10.9 7.6 7.5 7.3
Belgium 7.6 9.3 5.7 5.4 5.3
Canada 6.5 6.7 2.9 0.8 1.9
Czech Republic 8.1 11.2 7.3 7.6 7.1
Denmark 7.7 9.2 6.5 5.9 5.7
Finland 9.2 11.4 10.1 9.2 8.4
France 7.9 9.4 6.4 6.5 6.4
Germany 7.7 9.1 7.1 6.3 6.2
Greece 9.4 10.5 8.6 8.5 7.7
Hungary 8.2 11.0 8.2 8.1 7.6
Iceland 7.3 9.2 4.9 5.0 4.8
Ireland 6.8 8.1 3.8 3.9 4.5
Italy 8.5 10.1 7.7 7.3 6.9
Japan 8.9 9.3 7.4 6.5 7.6
Korea 10.0 10.2 8.2 7.8 8.7
Luxembourg 6.7 8.4 5.2 4.9 5.1
Mexico 6.5 6.4 2.9 0.4 1.4
Netherlands 7.3 9.2 5.9 5.8 6.0
New Zealand 9.2 8.7 7.1 6.8 7.0
Norway 7.4 9.0 4.2 4.3 4.6
Poland 8.3 11.4 8.6 8.1 7.7
Portugal 7.8 9.0 6.0 5.4 5.1
Slovak Republic 7.0 11.3 8.7 8.2 8.0
Spain 7.4 9.0 5.9 5.6 5.6
Sweden 8.6 9.6 6.5 6.2 5.8
Switzerland 8.0 9.4 6.2 5.9 6.0
Turkey 9.1 11.4 9.0 9.3 8.4
United Kingdom 8.0 8.5 6.8 5.9 5.7
United States 9.0 9.1 7.6 7.2 6.9
Total OECD 8.1 9.1 6.7 6.1 6.2
Memorandum items
China 8.3 8.1 5.8 5.6 6.0
Dynamic Asia (1) 9.8 9.7 7.7 7.3 8.5
Other Asia 9.6 9.5 6.9 7.0 7.2
Latin America 9.1 9.4 7.6 6.2 6.1
Africa and Middle-East 8.8 9.1 7.1 6.8 6.9
Central & Eastern Europe 9.8 12.2 11.1 10.1 9.2
Note: Regional aggregates are calculated inclusive of intra-regional
trade. The calculation of export markets is based on a weighted
average of import volumes in each exporting country's market, with
weights based on goods and services trade flows in 2000.
(1.) Dynamic Asia includes Chinese Taipei; Hong Kong, China;
Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines; Singapore and Thailand.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 54. Import penetration
Goods and services import volume as a percentage of total
final expenditure, constant prices
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Australia 10.8 10.5 11.0 11.1 11.9
Austria 25.5 25.9 26.0 24.6 26.1
Belgium 38.1 38.4 39.0 39.1 40.0
Canada 21.7 22.5 23.1 24.0 24.6
Czech Republic ... ... ... 27.7 28.6
Denmark 22.8 23.1 22.8 22.6 23.8
Finland 19.6 18.5 19.3 19.6 21.1
France 15.9 16.1 16.2 15.9 16.7
Germany 21.1 18.9 18.9 18.3 19.1
Greece 18.5 18.9 18.9 19.3 19.2
Hungary ... ... ... 24.7 26.0
Iceland 23.5 24.4 23.9 22.3 22.3
Ireland 29.1 29.2 29.8 30.7 32.3
Italy 17.4 17.5 18.3 16.6 17.5
Japan 7.0 6.7 6.6 6.5 7.0
Korea 19.5 20.8 20.7 20.7 22.6
Luxembourg ... ... ... ... ...
Mexico 13.1 14.2 16.1 16.1 18.2
Netherlands 30.0 30.7 30.9 30.8 32.0
New Zealand 19.6 18.8 20.3 20.2 21.2
Norway 18.8 18.4 18.1 18.4 18.5
Poland ... ... ... 14.2 15.0
Portugal 21.1 21.5 23.1 22.9 24.2
Slovak Republic ... ... ... 35.5 33.2
Spain 14.7 15.6 16.4 15.7 16.9
Sweden 22.1 21.5 21.9 21.9 23.3
Switzerland 23.3 23.3 22.7 22.7 23.8
Turkey 11.6 11.0 11.5 13.8 11.8
United Kingdom 15.9 15.4 16.2 16.4 16.6
United States 7.9 7.9 8.1 8.5 9.1
Total OECD 13.1 13.0 13.2 13.3 14.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Australia 12.3 12.7 13.4 13.6 14.1
Austria 26.9 27.3 28.4 28.9 29.3
Belgium 40.3 40.6 41.1 42.4 42.6
Canada 25.1 25.8 27.6 27.8 28.2
Czech Republic 31.3 32.8 34.4 36.3 37.0
Denmark 24.5 24.6 25.7 26.9 27.1
Finland 21.4 22.2 23.1 23.3 23.1
France 17.4 17.5 18.3 19.5 19.9
Germany 19.9 20.3 21.3 22.5 23.6
Greece 20.3 21.0 22.7 23.7 25.8
Hungary 29.1 30.6 34.1 37.9 39.8
Iceland 22.9 24.8 25.3 28.1 28.2
Ireland 33.5 34.2 35.3 38.9 39.1
Italy 18.4 18.0 19.1 20.1 20.3
Japan 7.7 8.4 8.3 8.0 8.2
Korea 24.8 26.0 25.8 22.6 25.4
Luxembourg 50.5 51.4 53.2 54.3 55.7
Mexico 16.8 19.0 21.3 23.1 24.8
Netherlands 33.4 33.8 35.3 36.4 37.4
New Zealand 21.9 22.6 22.4 22.5 23.8
Norway 18.7 19.2 20.2 21.1 20.5
Poland 16.9 19.5 21.6 23.7 23.2
Portugal 24.8 25.0 26.0 27.7 28.6
Slovak Republic 34.3 36.5 37.5 40.5 40.6
Spain 18.0 19.0 20.3 21.9 23.3
Sweden 23.8 24.3 25.9 27.3 27.4
Switzerland 24.4 25.1 26.2 27.1 27.6
Turkey 13.9 15.2 16.9 16.8 16.7
United Kingdom 17.0 18.0 18.9 19.7 20.5
United States 9.6 10.0 10.7 11.4 12.1
Total OECD 14.7 15.3 16.1 16.8 17.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Australia 14.5 13.8 14.5 15.4 16.8
Austria 30.6 31.4 31.4 32.1 33.1
Belgium 43.7 43.6 43.4 43.8 44.7
Canada 28.8 27.3 27.1 27.5 28.6
Czech Republic 40.0 42.3 43.0 44.1 47.3
Denmark 28.9 29.1 30.5 30.1 31.2
Finland 25.5 25.5 25.9 26.2 26.7
France 21.7 21.8 21.8 21.9 22.6
Germany 24.8 24.9 24.6 25.6 26.7
Greece 27.7 25.7 24.9 25.6 26.7
Hungary 43.1 43.4 43.9 45.2 47.4
Iceland 29.0 26.3 25.8 27.4 28.6
Ireland 41.6 41.8 40.9 39.4 40.5
Italy 20.7 20.4 20.3 20.3 20.7
Japan 8.7 8.7 8.8 9.0 9.4
Korea 27.4 25.8 27.2 28.6 30.3
Luxembourg 56.4 57.2 56.4 57.4 58.3
Mexico 27.3 27.1 27.2 27.0 28.4
Netherlands 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.8 40.6
New Zealand 23.0 23.0 23.8 24.5 26.5
Norway 20.3 20.3 20.2 20.3 21.0
Poland 25.1 23.9 24.1 25.0 26.7
Portugal 28.9 28.7 28.4 28.4 29.4
Slovak Republic 42.2 44.5 44.4 45.0 45.8
Spain 24.3 24.5 24.7 25.3 26.4
Sweden 28.7 28.1 27.4 27.8 28.5
Switzerland 28.9 29.1 28.8 29.1 30.1
Turkey 18.7 15.4 17.2 19.7 21.3
United Kingdom 21.3 21.7 22.1 22.0 22.5
United States 13.1 12.7 12.9 13.0 13.9
Total OECD 18.6 18.4 18.6 18.9 19.7
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Australia 17.5 18.3 19.3 20.2 21.1
Austria 33.9 34.1 34.7 35.1 36.4
Belgium 45.4 45.4 45.8 46.5 47.2
Canada 29.5 30.0 30.6 31.4 31.7
Czech Republic 47.0 49.0 50.9 52.7 54.4
Denmark 33.0 35.2 36.1 37.2 37.8
Finland 28.4 29.0 28.9 29.3 29.6
France 23.3 24.1 24.7 25.0 25.3
Germany 27.9 29.5 30.0 31.0 32.2
Greece 26.0 26.8 27.4 27.3 27.6
Hungary 48.1 51.0 53.9 56.2 58.4
Iceland 32.6 33.8 32.6 31.2 30.9
Ireland 41.0 40.7 41.1 41.6 41.5
Italy 21.0 21.7 22.1 22.4 22.8
Japan 9.7 9.9 9.9 10.1 10.3
Korea 30.9 32.1 33.6 34.2 34.8
Luxembourg 58.8 59.2 59.3 59.5 59.4
Mexico 29.5 30.9 31.9 32.9 33.8
Netherlands 41.6 42.8 43.3 44.2 44.4
New Zealand 27.1 26.0 27.1 27.8 28.2
Norway 22.0 22.9 23.8 24.5 24.9
Poland 26.9 28.9 29.9 31.7 33.0
Portugal 29.9 30.6 31.3 31.7 32.3
Slovak Republic 48.0 50.2 50.1 50.4 50.9
Spain 27.2 28.1 28.7 29.1 29.5
Sweden 28.9 29.7 31.2 32.0 32.8
Switzerland 31.0 31.7 32.1 32.6 33.2
Turkey 21.9 22.0 23.1 23.2 23.1
United Kingdom 23.4 24.6 23.5 23.3 23.5
United States 14.2 14.6 14.5 14.3 14.2
Total OECD 20.3 21.1 21.4 21.7 22.1
Note: Regional aggregate is calculated inclusive of intra-regional
trade as the sum of import volumes expressed in 2000 $ divided by
the sum of total final expenditure expressed in 2000 $.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 55. Quarterly demand and output projections
Percentage changes from previous period, seasonally
adjusted at annual rates, volume
2007 2008 2009 2007
Q4
Total domestic demand
Canada 4.7 4.3 3.0 7.4
France 2.5 1.6 1.7 2.4
Germany -0.5 0.9 1.7 -3.1
Italy 1.5 0.7 1.2 -1.3
Japan 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.6
United Kingdom 3.1 1.9 0.6 0.7
United States 2.9 1.2 0.4 2.3
Euro area 1.6 1.3 1.6 0.0
Total OECD 2.6 1.8 1.4 1.6
Public consumption
Canada 3.6 3.4 2.3 6.9
France 1.4 1.0 0.7 1.0
Germany 2.1 1.6 1.8 -2.0
Italy 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.5
Japan 0.8 0.3 1.1 3.3
United Kingdom 1.9 2.3 2.2 -1.9
United States 1.9 2.3 1.5 2.0
Euro area 2.3 1.7 1.7 0.2
Total OECD 2.1 2.0 1.8 2.1
Business investment
Canada 4.4 2.9 2.3 7.2
France 6.8 4.4 1.8 4.8
Germany 7.3 4.7 0.0 9.1
Italy 0.0 0.5 0.7 3.5
Japan 2.2 -1.0 1.4 3.8
United Kingdom 7.9 1.4 0.9 7.6
United States 4.7 0.8 -0.5 6.0
Euro area 5.7 3.4 1.3 5.2
Total OECD 5.1 1.7 0.8 5.5
Total investment
Canada 4.1 2.8 1.8 5.5
France 4.9 3.1 1.4 4.3
Germany 5.1 2.7 0.5 4.6
Italy 0.7 0.5 0.4 2.3
Japan -0.5 -1.2 1.3 -2.1
United Kingdom 6.2 0.5 0.9 7.4
United States -2.0 -5.2 -1.7 -2.9
Euro area 4.3 2.0 0.8 3.2
Total OECD 1.9 -0.5 0.7 1.9
Total domestic demand
Canada 4.3 3.6 2.6 7.4
France 2.9 1.5 1.4 0.2
Germany 1.1 1.7 1.4 -1.8
Italy 1.2 0.5 1.0 -1.4
Japan 1.0 0.7 1.2 1.4
United Kingdom 3.7 1.5 1.0 1.8
United States 1.5 0.1 0.2 -0.4
Euro area 2.3 1.5 1.4 -0.3
Total OECD 2.4 1.4 1.3 1.3
Export of goods
amd service
Canada 0.9 -2.6 1.8 -8.5
France 3.2 4.5 3.0 -0.6
Germany 8.0 6.3 5.1 5.3
Italy 4.5 1.8 3.1 -5.1
Japan 8.6 10.3 5.3 10.6
United Kingdom -5.3 1.8 4.6 -1.9
United States 8.1 7.4 7.0 6.5
Total OECD (2) 6.6 6.2 5.6 5.6
Import of goods
and services
Canada 5.7 4.4 3.6 10.9
France 5.9 3.4 2.7 -4.5
Germany 5.0 6.5 6.6 -0.7
Italy 4.0 2.0 3.5 -3.9
Japan 1.8 4.7 4.3 4.0
United Kingdom -2.9 0.7 2.8 -3.9
United States 1.9 -0.9 0.4 -1.4
Total OECD (2) 4.0 2.9 3.2 2.0
GDP
Canada 2.7 1.2 2.0 0.8
France 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.4
Germany 2.6 1.9 1.1 1.1
Italy 1.4 0.5 0.9 -1.7
Japan 2.1 1.7 1.5 2.6
United Kingdom 3.0 1.8 1.4 2.5
United States 2.2 1.2 1.1 0.6
Euro area 2.6 1.7 1.4 1.2
Total OECD 2.7 1.8 1.7 1.7
2008
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Total domestic demand
Canada 3.7 3.0 2.8 2.7
France 0.6 1.6 1.2 1.2
Germany 2.4 1.4 1.6 1.6
Italy 1.6 1.3 0.9 0.8
Japan 3.4 1.0 1.0 1.2
United Kingdom 5.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.1
United States 1.0 0.1 1.2 -1.0
Euro area 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.4
Total OECD 2.2 1.1 1.5 0.8
Public consumption
Canada 2.2 1.3 1.6 1.8
France 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.0
Germany 3.2 2.6 2.4 2.4
Italy 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0
Japan -3.2 1.1 1.1 1.0
United Kingdom 4.2 3.2 3.0 2.8
United States 3.3 1.6 1.3 1.3
Euro area 1.8 2.1 2.1 2.0
Total OECD 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.7
Business investment
Canada 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0
France 7.2 2.4 1.6 1.2
Germany 25.1 -16.7 1.3 1.3
Italy 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2
Japan -3.4 -3.0 0.0 1.0
United Kingdom -5.4 -0.5 0.0 0.0
United States -1.0 -4.9 -4.8 -4.3
Euro area 8.6 -3.1 1.2 1.2
Total OECD 1.6 -2.8 -1.2 -0.9
Total investment
Canada 1.4 1.2 0.8 0.8
France 4.4 1.6 1.2 1.1
Germany 17.0 -11.5 1.3 1.3
Italy 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.0
Japan 1.0 0.2 0.9 1.0
United Kingdom -6.1 -0.3 0.1 0.5
United States -7.8 -9.6 -6.9 -4.4
Euro area 5.8 -2.3 0.5 0.6
Total OECD -1.1 -3.3 -1.5 -0.5
Total domestic demand
Canada 0.1 2.3 2.1 2.1
France 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1
Germany 7.9 -2.0 1.7 1.7
Italy 1.7 1.1 0.8 1.1
Japan 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.1
United Kingdom 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.6
United States 0.2 -1.5 -0.4 -1.0
Euro area 3.5 0.5 1.3 1.4
Total OECD 1.6 0.3 1.0 0.8
Export of goods
amd service
Canada -4.0 -1.0 0.0 0.0
France 12.9 0.4 2.2 2.7
Germany 8.2 4.9 4.5 4.5
Italy 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.8
Japan 19.5 5.0 4.3 4.8
United Kingdom 0.2 2.8 3.2 4.6
United States 3.0 7.3 7.2 7.1
Total OECD (2) 5.8 4.9 5.0 5.2
Import of goods
and services
Canada -5.4 3.3 3.3 3.3
France 8.0 2.4 2.4 2.4
Germany 12.6 6.5 6.6 6.6
Italy 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6
Japan 8.3 4.7 4.9 4.0
United Kingdom -2.6 0.0 0.8 2.0
United States -2.0 -1.0 -1.2 -1.8
Total OECD (2) 2.7 2.3 2.4 2.2
GDP
Canada 0.3 0.8 1.0 1.0
France 2.6 0.9 1.1 1.2
Germany 6.2 -2.1 1.1 1.1
Italy 1.6 0.9 0.6 0.9
Japan 3.3 1.1 1.0 1.3
United Kingdom 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.2
United States 1.0 -0.5 0.7 0.2
Euro area 3.1 0.2 1.1 1.2
Total OECD 2.1 0.5 1.2 1.2
2009
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Total domestic demand
Canada 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0
France 1.5 2.2 2.4 2.4
Germany 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8
Italy 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.6
Japan 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
United Kingdom 0.6 1.1 1.6 2.0
United States 0.2 0.6 1.2 2.0
Euro area 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.9
Total OECD 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.3
Public consumption
Canada 2.3 3.0 3.0 3.0
France 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4
Germany 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4
Italy 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8
Japan 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1
United Kingdom 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.2
United States 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.7
Euro area 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.4
Total OECD 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.6
Business investment
Canada 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
France 0.8 2.4 2.8 3.0
Germany 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.1
Italy 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.0
Japan 1.8 2.6 2.6 3.0
United Kingdom 0.0 1.6 2.8 4.1
United States -0.2 1.5 5.0 6.5
Euro area 1.4 2.0 2.0 2.2
Total OECD 1.0 2.1 3.6 4.4
Total investment
Canada 1.3 2.5 3.2 3.9
France 0.9 1.8 2.2 2.4
Germany 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3
Italy 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6
Japan 12.0 1.6 1.6 1.8
United Kingdom 0.5 1.3 2.3 3.1
United States -0.8 0.7 3.3 4.5
Euro area 0.8 1.3 1.5 1.6
Total OECD 1.0 1.8 2.9 3.4
Total domestic demand
Canada 2.3 2.9 3.3 3.8
France 1.2 1.7 1.9 2.0
Germany 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6
Italy 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.3
Japan 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
United Kingdom 0.9 1.3 1.7 2.0
United States 0.3 0.7 1.6 2.3
Euro area 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.7
Total OECD 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.4
Export of goods
amd service
Canada 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.5
France 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.8
Germany 4.9 5.7 5.9 5.9
Italy 2.8 3.2 3.4 3.4
Japan 5.6 5.9 5.8 5.5
United Kingdom 4.7 5.3 5.3 5.7
United States 6.8 6.9 7.2 7.3
Total OECD (2) 5.6 6.0 6.2 6.3
Import of goods
and services
Canada 3.3 3.6 4.0 5.0
France 2.4 3.0 3.2 3.4
Germany 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7
Italy 3.0 3.6 3.6 3.6
Japan 3.6 4.4 4.6 4.8
United Kingdom 2.9 3.9 4.3 5.1
United States 0.9 1.4 2.3 2.5
Total OECD (2) 3.3 3.8 4.3 4.5
GDP
Canada 1.9 2.7 3.3 3.6
France 1.4 1.8 2.0 2.0
Germany 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.6
Italy 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.2
Japan 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7
United Kingdom 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.1
United States 1.0 1.4 2.2 3.0
Euro area 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.9
Total OECD 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.7
Fourth quarter (1)
2007 2008 2009
Total domestic demand
Canada 5.4 3.0 3.3
France 2.8 1.2 2.1
Germany -1.5 1.8 1.8
Italy 1.0 1.2 1.4
Japan 1.1 1.6 1.4
United Kingdom 2.4 1.2 1.3
United States 2.6 0.3 1.0
Euro area 1.2 1.4 1.8
Total OECD 2.4 1.4 1.8
Public consumption
Canada 5.0 1.7 2.8
France 1.3 0.9 0.5
Germany 1.7 2.7 1.5
Italy 0.9 1.1 0.8
Japan 1.5 0.0 1.1
United Kingdom 1.3 3.3 1.7
United States 2.1 1.8 1.6
Euro area 2.1 2.0 1.5
Total OECD 2.3 1.8 1.7
Business investment
Canada 3.7 1.1 3.5
France 5.5 3.1 2.3
Germany 6.2 1.7 1.2
Italy -0.7 0.3 0.9
Japan 0.1 -1.4 2.5
United Kingdom 5.3 -1.5 2.1
United States 7.1 -3.8 3.2
Euro area 4.5 1.9 1.9
Total OECD 5.2 -0.8 2.7
Total investment
Canada 4.7 1.1 2.7
France 3.9 2.0 1.8
Germany 2.4 1.5 1.4
Italy -0.3 0.4 0.6
Japan -3.6 0.8 1.6
United Kingdom 4.1 -1.5 1.8
United States -0.7 -7.2 1.9
Euro area 2.9 1.1 1.3
Total OECD 1.7 -1.6 2.3
Total domestic demand
Canada 6.4 1.6 3.1
France 2.6 1.3 1.7
Germany 1.0 2.3 1.6
Italy 0.1 1.2 1.1
Japan 0.1 1.1 1.4
United Kingdom 3.7 0.5 1.5
United States 1.6 -0.7 1.2
Euro area 1.8 1.7 1.6
Total OECD 2.3 0.9 1.8
Export of goods
and service
Canada -1.2 -1.3 3.4
France 3.4 4.5 3.6
Germany 4.3 5.5 5.6
Italy 0.7 3.1 3.2
Japan 10.4 8.2 5.7
United Kingdom 0.6 2.7 5.3
United States 8.4 6.1 7.0
Total OECD (2) 6.7 5.2 6.0
Import of goods
and services
Canada 9.2 1.1 4.0
France 4.8 3.8 3.0
Germany 3.0 8.0 6.7
Italy 0.8 3.7 3.4
Japan 2.4 5.5 4.4
United Kingdom 3.1 0.1 4.0
United States 1.0 -1.5 1.8
Total OECD (2) 4.0 2.4 4.0
GDP
Canada 2.9 0.8 2.9
France 2.2 1.4 1.8
Germany 1.8 1.5 1.5
Italy 0.1 1.0 1.1
Japan 1.5 1.7 1.6
United Kingdom 2.8 1.2 1.7
United States 2.5 0.3 1.9
Euro area 2.1 1.4 1.7
Total OECD 2.6 1.3 2.2
Note: The adoption of new national account svstems. SNA93 or ESA95,
has been proceeding at an uneven pace among OECD member countries,
both with respect to variables and the time period covered. As a
consequence, there are breaks in many national series. Moreover,
some countries are using chain- weighted price indices to calculate
real GDP and expenditures components. See Table "National Account
Reporting Systems and Base-years" at the beginning of the
Statistical Annex and OECD Economic Outlook Sources and Methods
(httpalwww.oecd.orglecolsources-and-methods).
(1.) Year-on-year growth rates in per cent.
(2.) Includes intra-regional trade.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 56. Quarterly price, cost and unemployment
projections.
Percentage changes from previous period, seasonally
adjusted at annual rates, volume
2007 2008 2009 2007
Q4
Consumer price
index (2)
Canada 2.1 1.3 1.3 -0.1
France 1.6 3.5 2.4 4.7
Germany 2.3 2.9 2.1 4.4
Italy 2.0 3.6 2.1 4.8
Japan 0.1 0.9 0.4 1.6
United Kingdom 2.3 3.0 2.5 3.9
United States 2.9 3.9 2.2 5.0
Euro area 2.1 3.4 2.4 4.8
GDP deflator '.
Canada 3.1 2.8 1.5 4.6
France 2.5 2.7 2.4 1.8
Germany 1.8 2.1 1.8 0.6
Italy 2.3 2.3 2.4 1.3
Japan -0.8 -1.1 0.2 -2.8
United Kingdom 3.1 2.6 2.3 2.4
United States 2.7 1.9 1.7 2.4
Euro area 2.2 2.4 2.2 1.6
Total OECD 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0
Unit labour cost
(total economy)
Canada 3.3 4.3 2.3 6.5
France 2.2 1.8 2.2 1.9
Germany 0.1 1.5 1.9 0.0
Italy 2.0 4.5 2.3 7.3
Japan -1.8 -0.2 -0.2 -1.4
United Kingdom 1.3 2.9 2.1 2.5
United States 3.3 2.6 2.4 3.2
Euro area 1.7 2.6 2.3 3.2
Total OECD 2.2 2.6 2.2 2.6
Per cent of labour force
Unemployment
Canada 6.0 6.1 6.3 5.9
France 7.9 7.5 7.6 7.5
Germany 8.3 7.4 7.4 7.9
Italy 6.1 6.2 6.5 6.0
Japan 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.9
United Kingdom 5.4 5.5 5.8 5.2
United States 4.6 5.4 6.1 4.8
Euro area 7.4 7.2 7.4 7.1
Total OECD 5.6 5.7 6.0 5.5
2008
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Consumer price
index (2)
Canada 1.3 1.7 1.7 1.5
France 4.3 3.6 2.8 2.4
Germany 3.2 2.4 2.0 1.9
Italy 4.7 3.9 2.7 2.4
Japan 1.2 0.6 0.3 0.3
United Kingdom 3.4 3.6 3.2 3.0
United States 4.3 4.0 2.7 2.2
Euro area 4.2 3.3 2.6 2.4
GDP deflator
Canada 2.2 4.4 2.2 1.1
France 3.0 3.0 2.7 2.5
Germany 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.3
Italy 2.0 3.2 2.8 2.3
Japan -1.8 0.0 0.1 0.1
United Kingdom 1.6 3.8 2.7 2.7
United States 2.6 0.7 1.9 1.8
Euro area 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.4
Total OECD 2.8 2.2 2.3 2.1
Unit labour cost
(total economy)
Canada 6.9 4.5 3.3 2.3
France 1.1 2.8 2.6 2.5
Germany 0.1 6.4 2.6 2.6
Italy 3.8 4.3 4.1 2.3
Japan -1.1 1.3 1.1 0.2
United Kingdom 4.0 2.9 2.7 2.5
United States 4.5 3.4 2.2 2.8
Euro area 1.7 4.2 3.1 2.6
Total OECD 3.2 3.8 2.5 2.4
Per cent of labour force
Unemployment
Canada 5.9 6.1 6.2 6.3
France 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.6
Germany 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4
Italy 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
Japan 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9
United Kingdom 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.6
United States 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.8
Euro area 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.3
Total OECD 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.9
2009
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Consumer price
index (2)
Canada 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3
France 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0
Germany 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
Italy 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7
Japan 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
United Kingdom 2.4 2.0 2.0 1.8
United States 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8
Euro area 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0
GDP deflator
Canada 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.3
France 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.3
Germany 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.2
Italy 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.0
Japan 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4
United Kingdom 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8
United States 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8
Euro area 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8
Total OECD 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8
Unit labour cost
(total economy)
Canada 1.6 2.1 1.7 2.4
France 2.3 1.8 1.4 1.5
Germany 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.0
Italy 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.4
Japan -0.6 -0.8 -0.8 -0.6
United Kingdom 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.8
United States 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.0
Euro area 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.6
Total OECD 2.0 2.2 1.6 1.6
Per cent of labour force
Unemployment
Canada 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.3
France 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6
Germany 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4
Italy 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.6
Japan 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.7
United Kingdom 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.8
United States 6.0 6.2 6.2 6.1
Euro area 7.4 74.0 7.5 7.5
Total OECD 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
Fourth quarter
2007 2008 2009
Consumer price
index (2)
Canada 2.4 1.5 1.2
France 2.5 3.3 2.2
Germany 3.1 2.4 2.1
Italy 2.6 3.4 1.7
Japan 0.5 0.6 0.5
United Kingdom 2.1 3.3 2.1
United States 4.0 3.3 1.8
Euro area 2.9 3.1 2.1
GDP deflator
Canada 3.8 2.5 1.2
France 2.3 2.8 2.2
Germany 1.9 2.6 1.4
Italy 2.7 2.6 2.2
Japan -1.3 -0.4 0.3
United Kingdom 3.0 2.7 2.0
United States 2.6 1.8 1.8
Euro area 2.2 2.6 1.9
Total OECD 2.3 2.3 1.9
Unit labour cost
(total economy)
Canada 3.2 4.3 2.0
France 1.6 2.2 1.8
Germany 0.7 2.9 1.1
Italy 5.2 3.6 1.6
Japan -1.5 0.3 -0.7
United Kingdom 1.6 3.0 1.8
United States 2.2 3.2 2.1
Euro area 2.3 2.9 1.8
Total OECD 2.0 3.0 1.8
Per cent of labour force
Unemployment
Canada
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
United Kingdom
United States
Euro area
Total OECD
Note: The adoption of new national account svstems, SNA93 or ESA95,
has been proceeding at an uneven pace amonq OECD member countries,
both with respect to variables and the time period covered. As a
consequence, there are breaks in many national series. Moreover,
some countries are using chain- weighted price indices to calculate
real GDP and expenditures components. See Table "National Account
Reporting Systems and Base-years" at the beginning of the
Statistical Annex and OECD Economic Outlook Sources and Methods
(http://www.oecd.org/eco/sources-and-methods).
(1.) Year-on -year growth rates in per cent.
(2.) For the United Kingdom, the euro area countries and the euro
area aggregate, the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) is
used.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 57. Contributions to changes in real GDP
in OECD countries
As a per cent of real GDP in the previous period,
seasonally adjusted at annual rates
2006 2007 2008 2009
Australia
Final domestic demand 3.6 5.3 4.3 3.5
Stockbuilding -0.8 0.9 0.0 0.0
Net exports -0.9 -1.8 -1.4 -0.3
GDP 2.6 4.1 2.9 2.7
Austria
Final domestic demand 2.1 2.1 1.5 1.7
Stockbuilding -0.1 -0.2 0.0 0.0
Net exports 1.8 1.7 1.3 0.0
GDP 3.3 3.3 2.3 1.7
Belgium
Final domestic demand 2.0 2.9 1.9 2.0
Stockbuilding 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.0
Net exports -0.1 -0.6 -0.8 -0.3
GDP 2.9 2.8 1.7 1.7
Canada
Final domestic demand 4.7 4.4 3.9 2.7
Stockbuilding -0.2 0.0 -0.2 0.0
Net exports -1.4 -1.6 -2.3 -0.6
GDP 2.8 2.7 1.2 2.0
Czech Republic
Final domestic demand 4.2 4.5 3.5 4.0
Stockbuilding 1.4 1.0 0.0 0.0
Net exports 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.0
GDP 6.4 6.5 4.5 4.8
Denmark
Final domestic demand 5.3 3.0 2.5 0.4
Stockbuilding 0.6 -0.3 -0.4 0.0
Net exports -1.8 -0.8 -1.0 0.2
GDP 3.9 1.8 1.2 0.6
Finland
Final domestic demand 3.0 3.4 2.4 2.2
Stockbuilding -0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0
Net exports 2.1 0.6 -0.1 0.0
GDP 4.8 4.3 2.8 2.3
France
Final domestic demand 2.8 2.7 1.8 1.5
Stockbuilding -0.1 0.2 -0.3 0.0
Net exports -0.3 -0.8 0.2 0.0
GDP 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.5
Germany
Final domestic demand 2.0 1.0 1.3 1.4
Stockbuilding -0.1 0.0 0.2 -0.1
Net exports 1.1 1.6 0.4 -0.3
GDP 3.1 2.6 1.9 1.1
Greece
Final domestic demand 6.7 5.1 4.0 3.9
Stockbuilding -0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0
Net exports -2.0 -1.3 -0.1 -0.6
GDP 4.2 4.0 3.5 3.4
Hungary
Final domestic demand 1.4 -1.7 1.0 2.6
Stockbuilding -0.3 1.3 0.0 0.0
Net exports 2.8 1.6 1.0 0.6
GDP 3.9 1.3 2.0 3.1
Iceland
Final domestic demand 9.3 -1.7 -1.4 -3.2
Stockbuilding 1.1 -1.0 -0.3 0.0
Net exports -6.1 6.5 4.1 2.8
GDP 4.4 3.8 0.4 -0.4
Ireland
Final domestic demand 4.2 3.5 -0.2 2.2
Stockbuilding 0.7 -1.0 0.0 0.0
Net exports 0.6 2.1 1.6 1.1
GDP 5.7 4.0 1.5 3.3
Italy
Final domestic demand 1.4 1.3 0.7 1.0
Stockbuilding 0.4 0.0 -0.2 0.1
Net exports 0.1 0.1 -0.1 -0.1
GDP 1.9 1.4 0.5 0.9
Japan
Final domestic demand 1.4 0.8 0.7 1.1
Stockbuilding 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0
Net exports 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.2
GDP 2.4 2.1 1.7 1.5
Korea
Final domestic demand 4.0 4.1 2.5 3.2
Stockbuilding -0.2 -0.4 0.2 0.0
Net exports 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.8
GDP 5.1 5.0 4.3 5.0
Luxembourg
Final domestic demand 2.2 3.9 2.2 2.3
Stockbuilding -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0
Net exports 5.2 2.0 2.2 1.8
GDP 5.9 4.6 3.0 4.0
Mexico
Final domestic demand 6.3 4.5 4.5 5.2
Stockbuilding -0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0
Net exports -0.8 -1.4 -1.7 -1.9
GDP 4.8 3.3 2.8 3.3
Netherlands
Final domestic demand 3.2 2.7 2.2 1.3
Stockbuilding -0.1 -0.2 0.1 0.1
Net exports -0.1 1.0 -0.4 0.4
GDP 3.0 3.5 2.3 1.8
New Zealand
Final domestic demand 2.0 4.6 2.2 2.2
Stockbuilding -0.7 0.3 -0.5 0.0
Net exports 1.3 -1.7 -0.5 0.0
GDP 2.3 3.4 1.3 2.1
Norway
Final domestic demand 3.9 5.3 3.4 1.8
Stockbuilding 0.7 -0.6 0.3 0.0
Net exports -2.1 -0.9 -1.1 0.1
GDP 2.5 3.5 2.6 1.8
Poland
Final domestic demand 7.0 8.2 8.6 6.9
Stockbuilding 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.0
Net exports -1.1 -1.7 -2.7 -1.6
GDP 6.2 6.6 5.9 5.0
Portugal
Final domestic demand 0.2 1.7 1.7 1.9
Stockbuilding 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0
Net exports 1.1 0.1 -0.2 0.0
GDP 1.3 1.9 1.6 1.8
Slovak Republic
Final domestic demand 7.2 6.1 4.9 5.0
Stockbuilding -0.5 -0.1 3.8 0.0
Net exports 1.7 4.3 1.6 0.9
GDP 8.5 10.4 7.3 6.1
Spain
Final domestic demand 5.2 4.6 1.7 0.8
Stockbuilding 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Net exports -1.2 -0.7 0.0 0.3
GDP 3.9 3.8 1.6 1.1
Sweden
Final domestic demand 2.9 3.0 2.1 1.7
Stockbuilding 0.2 0.7 -0.6 0.0
Net exports 0.8 -1.2 0.2 0.3
GDP 4.5 2.8 2.1 2.1
Switzerland
Final domestic demand 1.6 1.8 0.9 1.2
Stockbuilding -0.3 -1.6 1.2 0.0
Net exports 1.9 2.9 -0.2 0.3
GDP 3.2 3.1 2.0 1.4
Turkey
Final domestic demand 7.1 4.3 2.7 4.4
Stockbuilding -0.1 1.5 0.8 0.0
Net exports -0.3 -1.6 0.2 0.1
GDP 6.9 4.5 3.7 4.5
United Kingdom
Final domestic demand 3.0 3.5 1.8 1.0
Stockbuilding 0.0 0.4 -0.2 0.0
Net exports 0.0 -0.6 0.3 0.4
GDP 2.9 3.0 1.8 1.4
United States
Final domestic demand 2.9 1.9 0.3 0.2
Stockbuilding 0.1 -0.3 -0.1 0.0
Net exports -0.1 0.6 1.0 0.9
GDP 2.9 2.2 1.2 1.1
Euro area
Final domestic demand 2.6 2.3 1.5 1.4
Stockbuilding 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Net exports 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.0
GDP 2.9 2.6 1.7 1.4
Total OECD
Final domestic demand 3.0 2.5 1.4 1.4
Stockbuilding 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0
Net exports 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.3
GDP 3.1 2.7 1.8 1.7
Note: The adoption of new national account svstems. SNA93 or ESA95.
has been proceeding at an uneven pace amonq OECD member countries,
both with respect to variables and the time period covered. As a
consequence, there are breaks in many national series. Moreover,
some countries are using chain- weighted price indices to calculate
real GDP and expenditures components. See Table "National Account
Reporting Systems and Base-years" at the beginning of the
Statistical Annex and OECD Economic Outlook Sources and Methods
(http://www.oecd.org/eco/sources-and-methods). Totals may not add
up due to rounding and/or statistical discrepancy.
(1.) Chain-linked calculations for stockbuilding and net exports
except Australia, Greece and Korea.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
Annex Table 58. Household wealth and indebtedness (1)
1996 1997 1998 1999
Canada
Net wealth 493.3 501.2 498.4 507.0
Net financial wealth 232.4 237.3 233.7 239.1
Non-financial assets 260.9 263.9 264.7 267.9
Financial assets 339.3 346.9 345.6 3532.0
of which: Equities 66.8 74.1 79.5 81.1
Liabilities 106.8 109.6 112.0 114.1
of which: Mortgages 70.8 71.6 71.8 71.8
France
Net wealth 479.1 487.8 495.3 546.3
Net financial wealth 168.5 181.0 185.9 212.2
Non-financial assets 310.5 306.8 309.4 334.1
Financial assets 234.9 248.4 258.5 287.7
of which: Equities 58.8 61.0 67.7 87.0
Liabilities 66.3 67.4 72.5 75.4
of which: Long-term loans 50.1 50.8 51.5 53.8
Germany
Net wealth 508.3 523.6 538.0 549.9
Net financial wealth 132.7 143.0 151.3 161.1
Non-financial assets 375.6 380.6 386.7 388.7
Financial assets 234.4 248.1 260.7 275.3
of which: Equities 44.8 53.8 61.1 74.0
Liabilities 101.7 105.1 109.3 114.1
of which: Mortgages 62.4 65.2 67.1 71.0
Italy
Net wealth 713.2 753.7 783.6 807.1
Net financial wealth 234.0 260.3 293.2 324.1
Non-financial assets 412.6 428.0 433.3 429.1
Financial assets 273.9 303.1 338.6 372.8
of which: Equities 36.3 48.6 62.9 93.9
Liabilities 39.9 42.9 45.4 48.7
of which: Medium and
long-term loans 23.4 24.5 24.6 27.2
Japan
Net wealth 745.7 732.6 726.9 750.1
Net financial wealth 291.2 289.4 296.5 327.4
Non-financial assets 454.6 443.2 430.4 422.7
Financial assets 423.9 421.5 429.1 460.9
of which: Equities 40.1 28.8 27.0 45.6
Liabilities 132.8 132.1 132.6 133.5
of which: Mortgages 53.7 55.4 56.0 58.9
United Kingdom
Net wealth 583.1 633.0 670.9 755.8
Net financial wealth 292.1 337.9 349.1 405.0
Non-financial assets 291.0 295.1 321.8 350.9
Financial assets 396.7 442.7 456.4 515.9
of which: Equities 78.0 93.5 93.3 123.0
Liabilities 104.5 104.8 107.3 110.9
of which: Mortgages 77.6 76.7 78.2 80.9
United States
Net wealth 533.2 567.7 584.3 631.9
Net financial wealth 326.5 361.1 374.8 415.0
Non-financial assets 206.7 206.6 209.5 217.0
Financial assets 421.6 457.3 472.0 516.4
of which: Equities 119.6 146.3 157.2 191.0
Liabilities 95.1 96.2 97.2 101.5
of which: Mortgages 63.9 64.3 65.1 67.9
2000 2001 2002 2003
Canada
Net wealth 502.2 503.2 512.7 516.1
Net financial wealth 240.1 235.5 231.4 224.0
Non-financial assets 262.0 267.7 281.3 292.1
Financial assets 352.7 349.6 348.5 344.7
of which: Equities 84.3 84.2 83.6 81.0
Liabilities 112.6 114.1 117.1 120.6
of which: Mortgages 69.6 69.6 71.2 73.2
France
Net wealth 552.9 552.7 571.8 621.6
Net financial wealth 206.2 188.8 183.6 190.0
Non-financial assets 346.8 363.9 388.2 431.6
Financial assets 283.0 266.9 259.2 269.6
of which: Equities 84.0 70.2 63.5 70.1
Liabilities 76.8 78.0 75.6 79.7
of which: Long-term loans 53.4 53.6 54.6 57.1
Germany
Net wealth 547.7 543.2 546.6 561.2
Net financial wealth 158.4 158.0 153.3 165.4
Non-financial assets 389.3 385.2 393.2 395.8
Financial assets 272.9 269.7 265.4 276.3
of which: Equities 74.8 71.0 57.2 63.2
Liabilities 114.5 111.7 112.0 110.9
of which: Mortgages 71.7 71.2 72.3 72.2
Italy
Net wealth 825.6 820.5 857.4 901.9
Net financial wealth 329.8 306.9 296.9 295.7
Non-financial assets 438.5 442.1 464.9 491.7
Financial assets 382.2 358.9 350.7 352.4
of which: Equities 97.9 82.0 75.0 70.6
Liabilities 52.5 52.0 53.9 56.7
of which: Medium and
long-term loans 28.4 28.3 29.4 31.0
Japan
Net wealth 747.7 744.0 722.4 731.0
Net financial wealth 335.7 341.7 340.8 361.2
Non-financial assets 411.9 402.3 381.5 369.8
Financial assets 470.3 477.6 474.5 494.9
of which: Equities 41.5 31.8 29.8 42.1
Liabilities 134.6 136.0 133.7 133.7
of which: Mortgages 61.1 63.2 62.8 63.9
United Kingdom
Net wealth 750.1 688.6 692.6 727.3
Net financial wealth 372.3 308.7 250.5 255.7
Non-financial assets 377.8 379.9 442.1 471.6
Financial assets 486.5 426.8 380.6 397.1
of which: Equities 112.6 79.3 58.0 61.9
Liabilities 114.2 118.1 130.2 141.4
of which: Mortgages 83.2 86.0 94.4 104.4
United States
Net wealth 579.0 543.0 498.9 540.3
Net financial wealth 359.8 316.9 264.7 296.4
Non-financial assets 219.2 226.1 234.2 244.0
Financial assets 462.7 424.1 377.6 417.1
of which: Equities 151.6 121.9 87.4 106.2
Liabilities 102.8 107.2 112.8 120.8
of which: Mortgages 68.7 73.1 79.3 86.3
2004 2005 2006 2007
Canada
Net wealth 519.1 535.0 549.1 554.8
Net financial wealth 215.0 216.9 219.2 213.3
Non-financial assets 304.1 318.0 329.8 341.5
Financial assets 338.1 343.7 348.0 347.1
of which: Equities 79.3 82.8 90.1 92.2
Liabilities 123.1 126.8 128.8 133.8
of which: Mortgages 74.5 76.9 77.8 80.8
France
Net wealth 674.8 749.8 795.1 ..
Net financial wealth 187.8 203.6 217.3 ..
Non-financial assets 487.0 546.3 577.8 ..
Financial assets 271.5 290.5 306.3 ..
of which: Equities 71.1 81.3 90.1 ..
Liabilities 83.7 87.0 89.1 ..
of which: Long-term loans 60.2 65.0 69.1 ..
Germany
Net wealth 573.9 587.2 613.9 ..
Net financial wealth 174.4 186.7 198.3 ..
Non-financial assets 399.5 400.5 415.5 ..
Financial assets 283.6 293.8 303.2 ..
of which: Equities 64.2 71.3 74.2 ..
Liabilities 109.2 107.1 104.8 ..
of which: Mortgages 71.5 70.9 70.8 ..
Italy
Net wealth 957.7 935.3 ..
Net financial wealth 303.2 313.0 313.9 ..
Non-financial assets 508.8 534.7 ..
Financial assets 363.9 378.1 382.8 ..
of which: Equities 74.2 84.4 86.7 ..
Liabilities 60.7 65.1 68.9 ..
of which: Medium and
long-term loans 34.1 37.0 39.5 ..
Japan
Net wealth 722.3 740.4 745.1 ..
Net financial wealth 369.5 397.2 403.7 ..
Non-financial assets 352.8 343.2 341.4 ..
Financial assets 500.9 529.1 534.8 ..
of which: Equities 49.0 75.6 77.1 ..
Liabilities 131.4 131.9 131.1 ..
of which: Mortgages 63.5 64.1 65.1 ..
United Kingdom
Net wealth 768.0 786.9 826.8 ..
Net financial wealth 258.6 286.3 291.3 288.7
Non-financial assets 509.4 500.6 535.5 ..
Financial assets 411.7 441.0 459.8 465.6
of which: Equities 66.1 69.2 67.4 64.5
Liabilities 153.1 154.6 168.5 176.9
of which: Mortgages 114.4 116.1 125.4 132.4
United States
Net wealth 554.0 569.5 579.5 567.1
Net financial wealth 300.2 300.8 309.1 304.2
Non-financial assets 253.8 268.7 270.4 262.9
Financial assets 427.3 434.9 448.8 445.4
of which: Equities 107.8 106.8 111.3 103.5
Liabilities 127.1 134.1 139.7 141.2
of which: Mortgages 92.3 99.7 104.7 105.8
(1.) Assets and liabilities are amounts outstanding at the end of the
period, in per cent of nominal disposable income. Figures after the
most recent breaks in the series are based on the UN System of
National Accounts 1993 (SNA 93) and, more specifically, for
European Union countries, on the corresponding European System of
Accounts 1995 (ESA 95).
Households include non-profit institutions serving households,
except in the case of Italy. Net wealth is defined as non-financial
and financial assets minus liabilities; net financial wealth is
financial assets minus liabilities. Non-financial assets consist
mainly of dwellings and land. For Canada, Germany, Italy and the
United States, data also include durable goods. For all countries
except Italy, data also include non-residential buildings and fixed
assets of unincorporated enterprises and of non-profit institutions
serving households, although coverage and valuation methods may
differ. Financial assets comprise currency and deposits, securities
other than shares, loans, shares and other equity, insurance
technical reserves; and other accounts receivable/payable. Not
included are assets with regard to social security pension
insurance schemes. Equities comprise shares and other equity,
including quoted, unquoted and mutual fund shares. See also OECD
Economic Outlook Sources and Methods
(http://www.oecd.org/eco/sources-and-methods).
(2.) Fiscal year data.
Sources: Canada: Statistics Canada; France: INSEE; Germany:
Deutsche Bundesbank, Federal Statistical Office (Destatis); Italy:
Banca d'Italia; Japan: Economic Planning Agency; United Kingdom:
Office for National Statistics; United States: Federal Reserve.
Annex Table 59. House prices
Percentage change from previous year
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Nominal
United States 1.7 2.6 2.1 2.3 2.9
Japan 4.3 -3.9 -4.3 -2.4 -1.6
Germany 1.0
France
Italy 6.2 0.2 -2.9 0.8
United Kingdom -1.4 -4.0 -1.7 2.7 0.7
Canada 4.6 1.1 2.0 3.3 -4.5
Australia 2.6 1.6 2.6 3.6 1.2
Denmark 1.3 -1.6 -1.0 12.3 7.6
Spain 13.9 -0.7 -0.3 1.5 3.5
Finland
Ireland 2.3 2.4 2.1 4.8 6.3
Korea 10.3 -6.5 -3.4 -1.6 -0.1
Netherlands 2.6 8.4 8.2 12.3 6.9
Norway -5.1 1.0 13.2 7.2
New Zealand -2.3 0.7 4.1 13.6 9.3
Sweden 6.9 -9.4 -11.1 4.6 0.3
Switzerland -1.7 -4.4 -5.2 -0.1 -3.9
Real
United States -2.5 -0.5 -0.8 -0.3 0.1
Japan 1.0 -5.5 -5.5 -3.0 -1.5
Germany -0.7
France
Italy 1.2 -4.1 -6.8 -4.4
United Kingdom -8.3 -7.9 -4.1 0.7 -2.0
Canada -1.0 -0.4 0.1 3.1 -6.6
Australia -0.7 0.6 0.8 1.7 -3.3
Denmark -0.9 -3.5 -1.9 10.3 5.4
Spain 7.5 -6.2 -5.0 -3.0 -1.0
Finland
Ireland -0.8 -0.6 0.6 2.4 3.6
Korea 1.0 -12.0 -7.8 -7.5 -4.4
Netherlands -0.6 5.4 6.5 10.0 5.5
Norway -7.2 -1.3 11.6 4.6
New Zealand -4.8 -0.3 2.8 11.7 5.4
Sweden -1.8 -10.6 -15.1 1.6 -2.4
Switzerland -7.2 -8.1 -8.2 -0.9 -5.6
1996 1997 1998 1999
Nominal
United States 3.6 3.5 5.1 4.8
Japan -1.9 -1.4 -1.6 -3.2
Germany -0.9 -1.8 -1.9 1.9
France -0.4 0.1 1.9 7.1
Italy -3.3 -4.6 2.1 5.6
United Kingdom 3.7 8.8 11.5 10.9
Canada 0.1 2.5 -1.5 3.8
Australia 0.8 4.0 7.4 7.2
Denmark 10.7 11.5 9.0 6.7
Spain 2.6 4.3 4.9 7.0
Finland
Ireland 15.0 20.0 30.9 21.8
Korea 0.7 3.0 -9.2 -1.3
Netherlands 10.8 12.0 10.9 16.3
Norway 9.3 11.8 11.2 11.2
New Zealand 10.3 6.1 -1.7 2.1
Sweden 0.8 6.6 9.5 9.4
Switzerland -5.3 -3.5 -0.9 -0.1
Real
United States 0.7 1.2 3.5 2.6
Japan -1.9 -3.0 -2.3 -2.8
Germany -2.1 -3.3 -2.4 1.2
France -2.4 -1.2 1.3 6.5
Italy -7.0 -6.4 0.1 3.8
United Kingdom 1.1 6.9 9.7 9.4
Canada -1.5 0.9 -2.4 2.0
Australia -1.8 3.7 6.5 5.7
Denmark 8.4 9.4 7.6 4.6
Spain -1.0 2.3 3.0 4.6
Finland
Ireland 12.6 18.5 28.2 18.9
Korea -4.0 -1.4 -15.5 -2.1
Netherlands 9.2 9.9 9.0 14.0
Norway 7.9 9.0 8.7 8.6
New Zealand 7.8 4.9 -3.0 2.3
Sweden 0.0 4.7 8.4 8.8
Switzerland -6.1 -4.0 -0.9 -0.9
2000 2001 2002 2003
Nominal
United States 6.6 7.7 6.4 6.3
Japan -3.7 -4.1 -4.6 -5.4
Germany 0.0 0.0 -2.8 -1.0
France 8.8 7.9 8.3 11.7
Italy 8.3 8.2 9.6 10.3
United Kingdom 14.9 8.1 16.1 15.7
Canada 3.7 4.6 10.2 9.5
Australia 8.3 11.2 18.8 18.2
Denmark 6.5 5.8 3.6 3.2
Spain 7.5 9.5 17.0 20.0
Finland 5.9 -0.9 10.5 5.9
Ireland 16.4 8.2 10.7 15.9
Korea 1.8 3.9 16.7 9.0
Netherlands 18.2 11.1 6.4 3.6
Norway 15.7 7.0 4.9 1.7
New Zealand -0.4 1.8 9.5 19.4
Sweden 11.2 7.9 6.3 6.6
Switzerland 0.9 1.9 4.6 3.0
Real
United States 3.1 4.7 4.8 3.9
Japan -3.2 -3.4 -3.8 -5.2
Germany -1.4 -1.9 -4.1 -2.0
France 6.8 6.0 6.2 9.4
Italy 5.5 5.7 6.8 7.3
United Kingdom 14.0 6.8 14.7 14.2
Canada 1.0 2.0 7.7 6.6
Australia 3.7 6.5 15.3 15.0
Denmark 3.7 3.5 1.2 1.2
Spain 3.9 6.5 12.9 16.4
Finland 2.9 -3.5 8.4 4.5
Ireland 10.5 4.1 5.6 11.4
Korea -0.4 -0.2 13.6 5.2
Netherlands 15.5 5.7 2.5 1.3
Norway 12.3 3.9 3.6 -0.7
New Zealand -2.9 -0.8 6.6 17.3
Sweden 9.8 5.1 4.3 4.2
Switzerland -0.6 0.9 4.0 2.3
2004 2005 2006 2007
Nominal
United States 9.6 11.7 8.0 2.7
Japan -6.1 -4.8 -3.0 ..
Germany -1.9 -2.0 0.0 0.0
France 15.2 15.3 12.1 6.6
Italy 9.9 7.5 6.4 ..
United Kingdom 11.9 5.5 6.3 10.9
Canada 9.4 10.0 11.2 11.0
Australia 6.5 1.5 7.8 11.3
Denmark 8.9 17.6 21.6 4.3
Spain 18.3 14.6 10.0 5.5
Finland 6.1 5.9 9.8 7.2
Ireland 11.6 11.8 13.4 1.0
Korea 1.1 0.8 6.2 9.0
Netherlands 4.3 3.9 4.6 4.2
Norway 10.1 8.2 13.3 12.3
New Zealand 17.8 14.5 10.5 10.9
Sweden 9.3 9.0 12.2 10.2
Switzerland 2.4 1.1 2.5 2.1
Real
United States 6.7 8.0 4.6 -0.1
Japan -6.1 -4.3 -3.3 ..
Germany -3.6 -3.8 -1.8 -2.2
France 12.6 13.2 10.0 4.9
Italy 7.5 5.2 4.1 ..
United Kingdom 10.4 3.4 3.9 8.4
Canada 7.4 7.6 9.1 8.7
Australia 4.1 -1.2 4.1 8.7
Denmark 8.0 15.6 19.4 2.7
Spain 14.8 10.9 6.3 2.6
Finland 5.9 5.1 8.4 5.5
Ireland 9.1 9.4 10.5 -1.8
Korea -2.4 -1.9 3.8 6.3
Netherlands 2.8 2.3 2.9 2.6
Norway 9.6 6.6 10.7 11.5
New Zealand 15.2 11.1 6.9 8.3
Sweden 8.2 8.1 10.5 8.4
Switzerland 1.5 -0.1 1.4 1.3
Source: Various national sources and Nomisma, see
table A.1 in Girouard, N., M. Kennedy, P. van den
Noord and C. Andre, "Recent house price developments:
the role of fundamentals", OECD Economics Department
Working Papers, No. 475, 2006.
Annex Table 60. House price ratios
Long-term average = 100
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Price-to-rent ratio
United States 91.9 91.2 90.4 89.7 89.5 89.8
Japan 135.5 126.3 117.8 112.5 108.6 105.0
Germany 93.1 89.4
France 82.3
Italy 93.0
United Kingdom 94.6 86.2 83.0 81.4 79.0 79.3
Canada 98.8 100.8 105.0 110.7 103.2 103.5
Australia 90.1 90.7 92.6 95.3 94.9 92.8
Denmark 75.3 71.7 68.9 75.3 79.3 86.6
Spain 138.5 127.1 116.0 111.5 109.4 104.4
Finland
Ireland 44.3 42.2 45.5 50.7 51.1 58.9
Korea 131.8 114.7 104.7 98.6 94.3 91.6
Netherlands 70.5 72.4 74.4 79.6 81.0 86.2
Norway 68.2 67.0 74.8 78.4 84.2
New Zealand 86.6 87.4 87.7 93.2 95.7 100.7
Sweden 96.3 80.6 67.9 69.8 68.4 68.3
Switzerland 119.0 106.4 96.0 95.3 90.6 84.7
Price-to-income ratio
United States 92.0 89.9 89.9 88.9 88.2 87.9
Japan 116.0 108.4 102.3 98.0 96.3 95.5
Germany 91.4 89.0
France 85.1
Italy 104.6 103.1 95.9 91.3 83.3
United Kingdom 100.6 89.7 83.3 82.7 78.7 77.3
Canada 104.0 104.0 104.7 107.9 100.5 100.0
Australia 100.3 98.6 98.2 96.7 93.0 89.8
Denmark 77.7 74.3 73.6 80.1 79.7 86.1
Spain 123.0 114.4 107.7 106.4 98.6 95.9
Finland
Ireland 72.2 70.0 66.5 68.0 65.8 70.0
Korea 149.5 124.5 109.3 92.5 83.3 74.9
Netherlands 72.2 73.9 80.8 86.8 89.1 94.5
Norway 72.5 69.4 76.9 78.6 82.2
New Zealand 78.9 82.1 84.3 93.6 95.4 101.5
Sweden 95.3 82.3 72.1 74.3 73.0 73.6
Switzerland 114.2 105.1 97.7 96.5 90.2 85.1
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Price-to-rent ratio
United States 90.3 91.8 93.6 96.5 100.2 102.8
Japan 102.0 99.8 96.7 92.9 88.8 84.8
Germany 85.8 83.2 84.0 83.0 82.1 78.8
France 81.2 81.1 85.4 93.0 99.9 105.6
Italy 83.2 80.7 82.5 87.1 92.2 98.8
United Kingdom 84.8 93.4 101.3 114.9 121.4 137.5
Canada 108.5 107.8 111.1 112.0 114.2 125.8
Australia 93.7 97.7 102.0 107.2 115.5 134.0
Denmark 94.1 100.5 104.5 108.4 111.8 112.8
Spain 102.5 102.5 105.9 109.7 115.3 129.1
Finland 116.8 111.7 124.0
Ireland 67.4 85.8 119.3 126.6 117.6 131.1
Korea 91.3 81.1 83.0 84.7 84.8 94.0
Netherlands 93.1 99.7 112.5 129.3 139.6 144.4
Norway 91.9 99.8 107.4 119.4 122.7 123.3
New Zealand 103.7 99.5 102.3 99.9 102.4 108.6
Sweden 74.1 83.3 92.5 102.5 108.2 112.3
Switzerland 81.3 80.6 79.9 79.4 78.8 81.5
Price-to-income ratio
United States 87.5 87.1 88.3 88.5 92.6 95.2
Japan 92.7 91.1 89.2 87.6 86.9 83.1
Germany 86.1 83.1 82.6 80.4 77.5 74.9
France 83.5 82.5 86.5 89.3 92.1 95.8
Italy 77.8 79.0 81.1 84.9 87.1 91.9
United Kingdom 79.2 85.0 90.5 98.6 100.3 112.8
Canada 100.1 95.5 95.3 93.1 94.0 100.9
Australia 92.0 97.1 99.4 102.3 107.6 126.9
Denmark 94.4 98.9 107.1 110.9 111.0 111.8
Spain 95.3 95.8 97.6 98.3 101.9 113.7
Finland 93.7 87.1 91.9
Ireland 77.1 91.1 105.7 111.5 107.3 118.9
Korea 72.1 63.7 60.1 59.1 59.2 65.6
Netherlands 100.0 105.7 118.9 133.4 135.4 141.7
Norway 87.0 89.7 96.0 104.8 110.3 106.3
New Zealand 103.3 97.8 93.4 95.1 90.9 101.5
Sweden 77.6 83.0 86.5 91.2 91.0 92.1
Switzerland 81.9 79.6 77.8 75.2 73.4 78.2
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Price-to-rent ratio
United States 106.7 113.9 124.0 129.4 128.2
Japan 80.3 75.6 72.0 69.8 69.3
Germany 77.3 75.1 73.0 72.1 71.1
France 114.8 128.5 143.1 155.0 160.2
Italy 106.0 113.3 119.2 123.8 127.0
United Kingdom 156.1 168.4 167.2 162.7 171.9
Canada 136.5 148.3 161.6 176.8 189.8
Australia 155.4 161.5 160.4 167.4 176.6
Denmark 113.4 120.2 137.8 164.3 168.0
Spain 148.6 168.9 185.7 195.8 197.8
Finland 132.1 138.9 143.0 150.3 152.0
Ireland 157.0 170.4 177.7 171.2 138.0
Korea 99.0 97.8 98.4 103.6 110.7
Netherlands 145.2 146.8 148.7 151.8 154.7
Norway 120.8 130.1 137.7 152.6 167.0
New Zealand 123.2 136.3 147.9 155.6 164.1
Sweden 118.7 130.3 142.1 156.9 164.3
Switzerland 83.7 84.7 84.4 84.8 84.7
Price-to-income ratio
United States 98.1 101.7 109.2 112.1 109.7
Japan 80.0 74.6 70.4 67.6 66.3
Germany 72.7 70.0 67.5 66.1 65.1
France 104.8 116.0 129.7 139.0 140.7
Italy 98.5 104.7 109.7 113.3 116.2
United Kingdom 125.2 135.5 135.6 139.6 149.3
Canada 107.3 112.6 119.7 126.1 133.8
Australia 144.4 144.0 138.7 141.3 145.1
Denmark 111.9 117.0 133.6 157.4 157.2
Spain 129.9 143.2 152.4 157.1 156.4
Finland 92.5 93.5 97.4 103.6 106.9
Ireland 130.1 138.7 142.3 155.0 135.3
Korea 69.1 66.5 64.6 65.5 67.7
Netherlands 147.8 151.9 156.3 159.7 158.6
Norway 101.1 107.2 107.1 127.7 135.5
New Zealand 111.9 126.9 144.3 151.6 155.6
Sweden 95.6 102.5 109.3 118.6 123.8
Switzerland 80.0 80.8 79.4 78.5 77.5
Source: Various national sources and Nomisma, see table A.1 in
Girouard, N., M. Kennedy, P. van den Noord and C. Andre, "Recent
house price developments: the role of fundamentals", OECD Economics
Department Working Papers, No. 475, 2006 and OECD estimates.
Annex Table 61. Central government financial balances
Surplus ( ) or deficit (-) as a percentage of nominal GDP
1993 1994 1995 1996
Canada -5.5 -4.6 -3.9 -2.0
France -5.2 -4.6 -4.5 -3.6
Germany (1) -2.1 -1.1 -7.9 -1.9
Italy -10.0 -8.9 -7.5 -6.8
Japan (2) -3.5 -4.3 -4.4 -4.1
United Kingdom (3) -8.0 -6.6 -5.6 -4.2
United States -4.4 -3.1 -2.7 -1.9
less social security -5.1 -4.0 -3.5 -2.8
Total of above countries -4.8 -3.9 -4.3 -2.9
1997 1998 1999 2000
Canada 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.9
France -3.1 -2.8 -2.4 -2.1
Germany (1) -1.6 -1.8 -1.5 1.4
Italy -2.6 -2.5 -1.5 -1.2
Japan (2) -3.5 -10.6 -7.3 -6.4
United Kingdom (3) -2.1 0.2 1.2 4.0
United States -0.6 0.5 1.1 1.9
less social security -1.6 -0.7 -0.4 0.4
Total of above countries -1.5 -1.9 -1.0 0.2
2001 2002 2003 2004
Canada 1.1 0.8 0.3 0.8
France -2.1 -3.1 -3.6 -2.6
Germany (1) -1.3 -1.7 -1.8 -2.4
Italy -3.1 -3.1 -3.0 -3.0
Japan (2) -5.9 -6.7 -6.7 -5.2
United Kingdom (3) 0.9 -1.8 -3.4 -3.1
United States 0.4 -2.6 -3.8 -3.6
less social security -1.2 -4.2 -5.2 -4.9
Total of above countries -1.1 -3.0 -3.8 -3.4
2005 2006 2007
Canada 0.1 0.6 0.7
France -2.6 -2.0 -2.2
Germany (1) -2.1 -1.5 -0.8
Italy -4.0 -2.7 -2.4
Japan (2) -6.2 -1.1 -3.0
United Kingdom (3) -3.1 -2.6 -2.8
United States -3.0 -2.0 -2.1
less social security -4.4 -3.4 -3.4
Total of above countries -3.3 -1.8 -2.1
Note: Central government financial balances include one-off
revenues from the sale of mobile telephone licenses.
(1.) In 1995, the data includes the central government's assumption
of the debt of the Inherited Debt Fund.
(2.) Data for central government financial balances are only
available for fiscal years beginning April 1 of the year shown. The
1998 deficit includes the central government's assumption of the
debt of the Japan Railway Settlement Corporation and the National
Forest Special Account which represent some 5.3 percentage points
of GDP. The data for 2007 is an estimation.
(3.) The data for 2000 and onwards reflect Eurostat's decision
concerning the recording of one-off revenues from the sale of the
mobile telephone licenses.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.Stat[inR
_http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/370357457476
Annex Table 62. Maastricht definition of general
government gross public debt
As a percentage of nominal GDP
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Austria 67.8 67.8 63.7 64.3 66.5
Belgium (1) 129.7 126.9 122.3 117.1 113.8
Czech Republic 14.6 12.5 13.1 15.0 16.4
Denmark 72.5 69.2 65.2 60.8 57.4
Finland 56.5 56.7 53.8 48.2 45.6
France 55.4 58.0 59.3 59.4 58.9
Germany 55.6 58.4 59.6 60.4 61.0
Greece 97.1 99.4 96.6 94.5 94.0
Hungary 85.1 71.7 62.3 60.4 59.5
Ireland 82.2 73.6 64.3 53.6 48.5
Italy 121.1 120.7 118.0 115.0 113.9
Luxembourg 7.4 7.5 7.4 7.1 6.4
Netherlands 76.1 74.1 68.2 65.7 61.1
Poland 49.0 43.4 42.9 38.9 39.6
Portugal 61.0 59.9 56.1 52.1 51.4
Slovak Republic 22.1 31.2 33.8 34.5 47.9
Spain 63.3 67.4 66.1 64.1 62.3
Sweden 72.2 73.0 71.0 69.1 64.8
United Kingdom 51.9 52.2 50.6 47.4 44.5
Euro area 73.1 75.4 73.6 72.9 72.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Austria 65.7 66.0 65.8 64.7 64.0
Belgium (1) 107.7 106.4 103.4 98.6 94.4
Czech Republic 18.5 25.1 28.5 30.1 30.4
Denmark 51.5 48.7 48.3 45.8 43.8
Finland 43.8 42.4 41.4 44.4 44.2
France 57.3 56.9 58.8 62.9 65.0
Germany 59.7 58.7 60.2 63.7 65.9
Greece 103.4 103.8 100.8 97.9 98.6
Hungary 54.3 52.1 55.7 58.0 59.4
Ireland 37.9 35.6 32.2 31.1 29.5
Italy 109.1 108.7 105.6 104.2 103.9
Luxembourg 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.3
Netherlands 53.8 50.7 50.5 52.0 52.4
Poland 36.8 37.6 42.2 47.1 45.7
Portugal 50.5 52.9 55.6 56.9 58.3
Slovak Republic 50.4 49.0 43.4 42.4 41.4
Spain 59.3 55.5 52.5 48.7 46.2
Sweden 53.6 54.4 52.6 52.3 51.2
United Kingdom 41.8 38.4 38.2 39.4 41.2
Euro area 69.4 68.3 68.1 69.2 69.8
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Austria 63.4 61.8 59.1 57.9 57.8
Belgium (1) 92.1 88.1 84.6 82.5 81.1
Czech Republic 29.7 29.4 28.6 27.1 26.3
Denmark 36.4 30.4 26.0 21.9 19.2
Finland 41.4 39.2 35.4 34.4 33.3
France 66.4 63.6 63.9 65.5 67.1
Germany 67.9 67.5 64.9 63.7 62.6
Greece 98.0 95.3 94.5 91.8 89.8
Hungary 61.6 65.6 66.0 66.5 66.7
Ireland 27.4 25.0 25.6 27.9 30.1
Italy 105.8 106.4 104.0 104.2 104.0
Luxembourg 6.1 6.6 6.9 6.0 5.4
Netherlands 52.3 47.9 45.4 43.3 41.4
Poland 47.1 47.6 45.2 48.0 48.7
Portugal 63.6 64.7 63.6 63.9 64.3
Slovak Republic 34.2 30.4 29.4 30.8 31.8
Spain 43.0 39.7 36.2 34.4 34.1
Sweden 50.9 45.9 40.6 34.6 30.6
United Kingdom 42.9 44.0 44.7 47.1 49.5
Euro area 70.4 68.6 66.5 65.9 65.7
Note: For the period before 2008, gross debt figures are provided
by Eurostat, the Statistical Office of the European Communities,
unless more recent data are available, while GDP figures are
provided by National Authorities.This explains why these ratios can
differ significantly from the ones published by Eurostat. The 2008
to 2009 debt ratios are in line with the OECD projections for
general government gross financial liabilities and GDP. See OECD
Economic Outlook Sources and Methods
(http://www.oecd.org/eco/sources-and-methods).
(1.) Includes the assumption of the debt of the Railways Company
SNCB by the government from 2005 onwards (representing respectively
1.8 and 1.6 percentage point of GDP in 2005 and 2006).
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 83 database.
StatLink http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/370387340561
Annex Table 63. Monetary and credit aggregates: recent trends
Annualised percentage change, seasonally adjusted
Annual change (to 4th quarter)
2003 2004 2005 2006
Canada M2 5.8 5.9 5.6 8.9
BL (1) 4.6 8.1 8.4 7.6
Japan M2 CD 1.5 2.0 2.0 0.6
BL (1) -0.5 1.4 1.0 -0.2
United M2 10.2 9.1 9.0 8.1
Kingdom M4 6.5 9.3 11.8 13.5
BL (1) 8.0 10.5 8.8 12.6
United M2 5.7 5.4 4.2 4.9
States BL (1) 6.0 10.3 11.6 12.0
Euro M2 6.8 6.3 8.8 8.7
area M3 7.0 6.0 8.2 9.0
BL (1) 5.6 5.8 9.1 7.9
Latest
twelve
2007 months
Canada M2 6.5 8.0 (Apr 2008)
BL (1) 10.2 9.8 (Mar 2008)
Japan M2 CD 2.0 2.0 (Apr 2008)
BL (1) -0.9 0.6 (Apr 2008)
United M2 7.7 9.8 (Apr 2008)
Kingdom M4 12.1 11.5 (Apr 2008)
BL (1) 12.5 12.5 (Apr 2008)
United M2 5.8 6.5 (Apr 2008)
States BL (1) 10.9 10.3 (Apr 2008)
Euro M2 11.2 10.5 (Apr 2008)
area M3 12.2 10.6 (Apr 2008)
BL (1) 11.0 11.7 (Mar 2008)
(1.) Commercial bank lending.
Source: OECD Main Economic Indicators; US Federal
Reserve Board; Bank of Japan; European Central Bank;
Bank of England; Statistics Canada.
COPYRIGHT 2008 OECD Publications and Information Centre
COPYRIGHT 2008 Gale, Cengage Learning
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