Tax treaty shopping and the GAAR: MIL S.A. v. The Queen
University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review, Wntr, 2008 by Kimberly Brown
I INTRODUCTION
II MIL (INVESTMENTS) S.A.V. THE OUEEN
Facts
Tax Court Decision
III AVOIDANCE TRANSACTION
Avoidance Transaction
Series of Transactions
IV TREATY MISUSE OR ABUSE UNDERTHE GAAR
Textual, Contextual and Purposive Analysis
Text
Specific Anti-Avoidance Rules
Domestic Law and Ordinary Meaning
Summary
Context
Purpose
The 2003 OECD Commentary
Summary
V TREATY SHOPPING
Introduction
Cases and Commentary
Policy Considerations
The MIL Case
VI CONCLUSION
Abstract
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In 2005, the Canadian Parliament amended the General Anti-Avoidance Rule, or "GAAR", under s. 245 of the Income Tax Act to explicitly include Canada's tax treaties within the scope of the rule. The amendment was retroactive, applying to transactions executed from September 13, 1988 onward. In July 2006, the Tax Court of Canada heard the first GAAR case involving "treaty shopping' transactions conducted pursuant to a tax treaty in MIL (Investments) S.A. v. The Queen. This article examines the decision by the Tax Court, which was upheld by the Federal Court of Appeal in June 2007.
The author argues that while the Tax Court reached the correct result in finding that the GAAR did not apply, its analysis of avoidance transactions, misuse and abuse was flawed in several respects. Specifically, the transactions in MIL met the definition of an avoidance transaction under subsection 245(3) of the ITA because even though the transaction that yielded the tax benefit (a sale of shares) was not in itself an avoidance transaction, it was part of the series of transactions which did include avoidance transactions under paragraph 245(3)(b) of the ITA. Assuming that the transaction was an avoidance transaction, the article then concludes that a textual, contextual, and purposive analysis of the facts and statutes does not support the Minister's argument that either the Act or the treaty in question was misused or abused under subsection 245(4). This analysis is based on research of case law, other treaties to which Canada is a party, international opinion as expressed by the OECD and its member states, and relevant policy considerations.
Ultimately, the MIL case is important because it is the first case involving treaty shopping and the GAAR. The Minister's arguments, unfortunately, were unpersuasive. As such, it would be generally preferable to rely on existing anti-avoidance provisions within tax treaties themselves, rather than to resort to the domestic GAAR provisions. It is probable, however, that a court will be more amenable to the argument that treaty shopping is abusive in future cases where the abuse is more blatant and the transactions in question lack an apparent non-tax business purpose.
Resume
En 2005, le Parlement du Canada a modifie la regle generale anti-evitement ou << RGAE >> qui se trouve dans l'article 245 de la Loi de l'impot sur le revenu pour inclure formellement les traites fiscaux auxquels le Canada est signataire dans les parametres de la loi. L'amendement est retroactif et s'applique aux transactions executees a partir du 13 septembre, 1988. En juillet 2006, la Cour canadienne de l'impot a juge le premier cas RGAE portant sur les transactions impliquant du magasinage de traite fiscal dans MIL (Investissements) S.A. v. La Reine. Cet article examine la decision de la Cour de l'impot, qui fut confirmee par la Cour d'appel federale en juin 2007.
L'auteur avance que, bien que la Cour de l'impot soit arrivee a la bonne decision en jugeant que la RGAE ne s'appliquait pas, son analyse sur les transactions d'evitement, sur le mauvais emploi et sur l'abus contenait plusieurs erreurs. En particulier, les transactions dans MIL correspondent a la definition d'une transaction d'evitement qui se trouve dans l'alinea 245(3) de la Loi, parce que meme si la transaction qui a produit les avantages fiscaux (une vente d'actions) n'etait pas en soi une transaction d'evitement, elle faisait partie d'une serie de transactions qui correspondait aux transactions d'evitement qui se trouvent dans le paragraphe 245(3J(b) de la Loi. Si l'on suppose que la transaction est une transaction d'evitement, l'article se conclut en indiquant qu'une analyse textuelle, contextuelle et intentionnelle des faits et des textes juridiques n'appuie pas l'argument du Ministre qui dit que la Loi ou la convention en question a ete mal employee ou abusee selon l'alinea 245(4). Cette analyse se base sur la jurisprudence existante, d'autres traites impliquant le Canada, l'opinion internationale tel qu'exprimee par l'OCDE et ses etats membres, et les considerations pertinentes de principe de droit.
En fin de compte, le cas MIL est important car c'est le premier cas portant sur le magasinage de traite et la RGAE. Malheureusement, les arguments du Ministre ne sont pas convaincants. Ceci etant dit, il serait preferable de compter sur les regles anti-echappatoires qui existent a meme les traites fiscaux au lieu de se fier aux regles domestiques de la RGAE. Cependant, il se peut qu'un tribunal soit plus souple envers cet argument vis-a-vis l'abus de traites fiscaux dans les cas futurs oU l'abus est plus ehonte et les transactions en question n'ont pas d'objectif apparent autre que la reduction d'impots a payer.
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