African-American history 101

63. In the Spanish Civil War of the 1930s, the two opposing armies halted their fighting for one hour to listen to an African-American singer. After the last song, the combatants resumed their endeavors to destroy one another. What was the name of this famous singer?

64. Fluent in French and Latin and supportive of fellow African Americans writing in English during the 1920s and the author of four novels between 1924 and 1928, this Black Philadelphia native has been described as the "mother" of the Harlem Renaissance. Identify her.

65. With the publication of his Native Son, a 1940 instant 'best seller," many African Americans saw Richard Wright as an intellectual hero who was unafraid to tell unvarnished truths about the impact of racism on selfesteem. Why was this book called a best seller?

POLITICS * MASS MOVEMENTS

66. In the pre-emancipation period, the Northern political movement in the 1840s to abolish slavery included African-American leaders such as Samuel Ringgold Ward, Henry Highland Garnet and Frederick Douglass. What political party received their endorsement?

67. The first Black elected to any public office in America during slavery was also elected to the U.S. Congress after the Civil War. Between these periods, he was a high official of the Freedmen's Bureau, a law school dean and a U.S. diplomat.Identify this person.

68. Upstate New York was the home base of the first explicitly political association organized by Blacks during the years prior to the Civil War. Frederick Douglass was selected to head this group. What was this organization called?

69. The Compromise of 1850, legalizing the retrieval of fugitive slaves anywhere in the United States, stimulated an emigration movement, with many Blacks moving to Canada. Name this emigration association.

70. The 1857 Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision denying citizenship nationalized slavery on the one hand and gave state and local authorities control over slavery on the other. What part of the decision was used to make this outcome possible?

71. When the Civil War erupted, free Blacks in the North held numerous rallies supporting it but most of the 180,000 African-American soldiers were from the Deep South. Which state supplied the largest proportion of African-American soldiers?

72. The movie "Glory" with Denzel Washington highlighted the famed 54 Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, a unit made up of African-American volunteers from many other Northern states; however the honor of supplying the largest number of Northern Black soldiers went to what state?

73. In addition to their heroics at Fort Wagner in South Carolina and the Battle of the Crater in Virginia, Black Civil War soldiers took part in some 39 major battles and 410 minor engagements. How many African-American soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor?

74. In anticipation of Union victory in 1864, Northern Black leaders held their largest pre-emancipation conference, attended by 144 eminent individuals, with Frederick Douglas presiding. Where was this leadership summit held?