A return to 'Mr. Gates': Photography and objectivity

Newspaper Research Journal, Summer 2000 by Bissell, Kimberly L

3. Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News. New York: Pantheon, 1979.

4. see Warren Breed, Social Control in the Newsroom: A Functional Analysis. Social Forces, May 1955, pp. 326-335.; Gans, op.cit.; David Weaver and G. Cleveland Wilhoit, The American Journalist: A Portrait of tJ.S. News People and Their Work. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.

5. Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen D. Reese, Mediating the Message: Theories of Influence on Mass Media Content. White Plains, New York: Longman Publishers, 1996.

6. Pamela J. Shoemaker, Gatekeeping. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 1991.

7. William A. Gamson, D. Croteau, W. Hoynes, and T. Sasson, Media Images and the Social Construction of Reality. Annual Review of Sociology, 1992, Vol. 18. pp. 373393.

8. John Tagg, The Burden of Representation: Essays in Photographies and Histories. London: Macmillan, 1988.

9. Roland Barthes, Myth Today. Mythologies. 1972.

10. Stuart Hall, The Determinants of News Photographs in Cohen and Young, eds., The Manufacture of News: Deviance, Social Problems and the Mass Media. London: Constable, 1982.

11. Kurt Lewin, Frontiers in Group Dynamic II; Channels of Group Life; Social Planning and Action Research. Human Relations, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 143-153.

12. White, op. cit.

13. Shoemaker, Gatekeeping, op. cit.

14. Shoemaker and Reese, op. cit.

15. Pamela J. Shoemaker, Martin Eichholz, Euyni Kim, and Brenda Wrigley, Individual and Routine Forces in Gatekeeping. Unpublished manuscript, 1999.

16. Shoemaker, Eichholz, et al., op. cit.

17. Shoemaker and Reese, op. cit.

18. Bass, op. cit.; G.L. Bleske, Ms. Gates Takes Over: An Updated Version of the 1949

Case Study. Newspaper Research Journal, Fall 1991, pp. 88-97; R.C. Flegel and Steve H. Chaffee, Influences of Editors, Readers, and Personal Opinions on Reporters. Journalism Quarterly, Winter 1971, pp. 645-651.

19. White, op cit.

20. Breed, op. cit.

21. Shoemaker et. al., op. cit.

22. Eric A. Abbott and L.T. Brassfield, Comparing Decisions on Releases by TV and Newspaper Gatekeepers. Journalism Quarterly, Winter 1989, pp. 853-856; Shoemaker et. al., op. cit.

23. Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News. New York: Pantheon, 1979.

24. C. Zoe Smith, More Than Just Distance: A Study of the Photo Department at the Milwaukee Newspapers. Photo Mgr.

25. George Bailey and Larry Lichty, Rough Justice on a Saigon Street. Journalism Quarterly, Summer 1972, pp. 221-229.

26. Gans, op. cit.

27. Wilbur Schramm, The Gatekeeper: A memorandum, in W. Schramm, ed., Mass Communications. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1949, pp. 175-177.

28. Shoemaker and Reese, op. cit.

29. The newspaper's photographic content was analyzed from January 1, 1997 - May 16, 1997. Weeks of the month and days of the week were randomly sampled from January 1 to April 15, 1997 and a census of this newspaper's photographic content was conducted from April 16 to May 15, 1997.

30. Each photograph was assigned one of the following content codes: crime, disaster/accident, political, human interest, international news (political, economic, war), national news (business, science and technology, education), sports, general local news, entertainment, or other. Content categories were devised based on the content categories used by the newspaper and by the wire services.