Power to Undo Sin: Race, History and Literary Blackness in Rilla Askew's Fire in Beulah, The

15 Among others, see Scott Ellsworth (1982), in particular his discussion and photograph of Tulsa's many black World War I veterans.

16 Fire in Beulah could be read in light of women's history (multi-cultural concerns vs. the pioneer woman motif, for example). To what extent did white females benefit from conquest and social hierarchy? In Fire in Beulah, white females obviously benefit from and contribute to racial unrest, but they also appear to be victims of male activity. Pascoe (1991) raises the question: "were frontiers-women more racist-or less racist-than frontiers-men?" (qtd. Limerick et al. 1991, 54).

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______ . 2005. "Most American" email to the author, September 20.

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