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IDEOLOGY OF GAY RACIALIST SKINHEADS AND STIGMA MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES*
Journal of Political and Military Sociology, Summer 2006 by Waldner, Lisa K, Martin, Heather, Capeder, Lyndsay
9 We acknowledge that gay Christians and gay racialists are not a perfect analogy. Christian churches are divided on the question of homosexuality both within and between denominations with some more welcoming and accepting of gay members. This is not the case with WP organizations.
10 A researcher with the Anti-Defamation league (ADL) cited by The Forward reported that a group of gay Nazis tried to join a white supremacist parade and were physically assaulted. The same group also tried to march in a gay pride parade with similar results (McGraw 2001). We could not find confirmation of this report on the ADL website.
11 We acknowledge that there is no way to tell whether a web page represents a group or an individual wishing to create the impression of a group. Any of the websites examined with group names such as the Gay Racialist Network could in fact be the work of one or a few individuals.
12 Evidence of Al Gore's anti-gay past is purportedly limited to a picture of him hugging the notoriously anti-gay crusader, Fred Phelps in the 1980s and pledging to uphold sodomy laws. In fairness, even the United States Supreme Court was not ready to overturn sodomy laws with the 1986 Bowers v. Hardwick decision.
13 We note with irony that gay racialists currently enjoy not having their same-sex consensual sexual behavior criminalized due to the efforts of two men, one white and the other African-American, who were arrested by the Houston police for violating Texas sodomy laws and were the petitioners for the 2003 United States Supreme Court decision, Lawrence v. Texas.
REFERENCES
Anahita, Sine. 2006. "Blogging the Borders: Virtual Skinheads, Hypermasculinity, and Heteronormativity." Journal of Political and Military Sociology 34.
Anti-Defamation League. 2000. "David Duke: In His Own Words." Retrieved on March 31, 2004. (http://www.adl.org/special_reports/duke_own_words/ on_homosexuals.asp.)
Balch, Robert W. 2006. "The Rise and Fall of Aryan Nations: A Resource Mobilization Perspective." Journal of Political and Military Sociology 34: 81-113.
Berbrier, Mitch. 2002. "Making Minorities: Cultural Space, Stigma Transformation Frames, and the Categorical Status Claims of Deaf, Gay, and White Supremacist Activists in the Late Twentieth Century America." Sociological Forum 17: 553-591.
Berlet, Chip and Stanislav Vysotsky. 2006. "Overview of U.S. White Supremacist Groups." Journal of Political and Military Sociology 34:11-48.
Blee, Kathleen M. 2002. Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Burris, Val, Emery Smith, and Ann Strahm. 2000. "White Supremacist Networks on the Internet." Sociological Focus 33: 215-234.
Dobratz, Betty A. and Stephanie Shanks-Meile. 1997. White Power, White Pride: The White Separatist Movement in the United States. New York: Twayne.
Dobratz, Betty A. and Stephanie Shanks-Meile. 2004. "The White Separatist Movement: Worldviews on Gender, Feminism, Nature and Change." Pp. 113-141 in Home-Grown Hate: Gender and Organized Racism, edited by A.L. Ferber. New York: Routledge.
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