T. E. LAWRENCE, THE TURKS, AND THE ARAB REVOLT IN THE CINEMA: ANGLO-AMERICAN AND TURKISH REPRESENTATIONS

6 This shot likewise only appeared in the restored version of the film.

7 Nutting had in fact been hired as an adviser in Mar. 1960, a year before his book was published. Thus it comes as no surprise to see that his book and the film should be similar in interpretation.

8 Significantly the Turkish Bey is not given a name-"Bey" in Turkish simply means "Mr." It seems clear that Lean intends to dehumanize him as much as possible.

9 In the Turkish dubbed version of Lawrence of Arabia, the soldiers are given the chance to speak coherently as they give their orders in Turkish.

10 Omar Sharif recalled Lean's suggestion that Ferrer "do a sort of sexual cough" which, according to one reviewer "voluptuously punctuates one of the most daring homosexual scenes of indecent assault ever to be filmed decently" (qtd. in Morris and Raskin 107).

11 Raft was originally asked to play the role of Rick in Casablanca but turned it down. Warners offered Background to Danger as a consolation prize.

12 Unless otherwise indicated, all translations from the Turkish dialogue in Ingiliz Kemal are my own.

13 Lawrence recalls in Seven Pillars that before the outbreak of the First World War he spent "many years going up and down the Semitic East [...] learning the manners of the villagers and tribesmen and conditions of Syria and Mesopotamia." Although he claims to know the Anatolian character, he does not appear to base his judgments on any experience of visiting Turkey (Lawrence 55).

14 A useful guide to the history of Turkish films at this time can be found in Giovanni Scognamillo, Türk Sinema Tarihi Birinci Cilt (1896-1959) (The History of Turkish Cinema I), Istanbul: Metis Yayinlari, 1987. A brief summary in English can be found on the website: http://ww2.mezunusa.com/turkey/1_4_6_1.cfm.

Works Cited

Ambler, Eric. The Light of the Day. London: Heinemann, 1962.

Bolt, Robert. "Apologia." Cineaste, Vol. XXI, 1-2 (1995): 33-34.

Burton, Sir Richard. "Terminal Essay Section D: Pederasty." From the translation of The Arabian Nights (1885) 15 Dec. 2004.

Caton, Steven C. Lawrence of Arabia: A Film's Anthropology. Berkeley: U of California P, 1999.

Fehim, Müsif. Ingiliz Kemal Lawrens'e Karsi. Istanbul: Nebioglu Yayinlari, 1958.

Fleming, Joan. When I Grow Rich. London: Collins, 1962.

Glazebrook, Philip. Journey to Kars. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985.

Kelly, Andrew, James Pepper, and Jeffrey Richards (ed. and intro.). Filming T. E. Lawrence: Korda's Lost Epics. London and New York: Tauris, 1997.

"Kemal Film bu sezonu ...." Yildiz 90 (13 Sept. 1952): 10.

Lawrence, T. E. Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph. New York: Anchor, 1991.

Lewis, Geoffrey. Modern Turkey. 4th ed. New York: Praeger, 1974 (orig. ed. 1955).

Mack, John E. A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T. E. Lawrence. New York: Little, 1976.

Morris, L. Robert, and Lawrence Raskin. Lawrence of Arabia: The 30th Anniversary Pictorial History. New York: Anchor, 1992.

Nutting, Anthony. Lawrence of Arabia: The Man and the Motive. London: Hollis, 1961.

Scognamillo, Giovanni. Bati Sinemasinda Türkiye ve Türkler. Istanbul: Inkilap Kitabevi, 1996.