CLIMATIC VARIABILITY, NEST PREDATION, AND REPRODUCTIVE OUTPUT OF LILAC-CROWNED PARROTS (AMAZONA FINSCHI) IN TROPICAL DRY FOREST OF WESTERN MEXICO
Auk, The, Oct 2004 by Renton, Katherine, Salinas-Melgoza, Alejandro
ABSTRACT.-
For 1996-2003, we determined reproductive output and success of 70 Lilac-crowned Parrot (Amazona finschi) nests in tropical dry forest of the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve in western Mexico. Only 42% of nests had young that fledged; predation was the main cause of nest failure. Low brood survival in 2000 and 2003 caused significant between-year variation in the probability of nest success during the nestling phase of the nest cycle. Reproductive output of Lilac-crowned Parrots was low, with females producing an average of 0.99 fledglings on an initial investment of 2.6 eggs. The fecundity component of clutch size varied significantly between years, because of the high median clutch size recorded in 2000. Nestling survival also varied significantly between years, creating large interannual fluctuations in reproductive output. The most productive breeding season was 1999, with an average output of 1.7 fledglings on an investment of 2.7 eggs; whereas the poorest breeding season was 2000, with an output of 0.57 fledglings from 3.3 eggs. Loss of reproductive potential was greatest in 2000 and 2003, because of brood reduction through starvation of later-hatched nestlings, with hatching order influencing the probability of nestling survival. Mean number of nestlings per egg-laying female was associated with interannual fluctuations in precipitation resulting from the El Nino-La Niña weather cycle in the Pacific Ocean. Both nest predation and food availability may limit parrot reproduction in tropical dry forests, with populations of threatened species in dry habitats being vulnerable to effects of climatic variability and habitat fragmentation. Received 4 September 2003, accepted 24 June 2004.
RESUMEN.-El éxito de nidificación y la productividad reproductiva del loro Amazona finschi fueron determinados para 70 nidos durante 1996-2003 en el bosque tropical seco de la Reserva de la Biosfera Chamela-Cuixmala, en el oeste de México. Sólo el 42% de los nidos produjeron volantones, y la principal causa que ocasionó que los nidos fallaran fue la depredación. La alta mortandad de polios durante los años 2000 y 2003 produjo variación significativa entre años en la probabilidad de éxito de nidificacion durante la fase de crianza de los pollos. La productividad reproductiva de A. finschi fue baja, ya que a partir de una inversion promedio inicial de 2.6 huevos las hembras produjeron 0.99 volantones. El tamaño de la nidada varió significativamente entre años, debido a una alta nidada en el año 2000. La supervivencia de los pollos también varió significativamente entre años, lo cual creó grandes fluctuaciones interanuales en la productividad reproductiva. La temporada reproductiva más productiva fue la de 1999 con una productividad promedio de 1.7 volantones a partir de una inversión de 2.7 huevos, mientras que la temporada menos productive fue la del año 2000 con una production de 0.57 volantones a partir de 3.3 huevos. La pérdida en el potential reproductive fue mayor en los años 2000 y 2003 debido a una elevada reducción en la nidada por inanición de los pollos que eclosionaron tardíamente, de modo que la probabilidad de supervivencia de los pollos estuvo asociada con el orden de eclosión. El número promedio de polios por hembra estuvo asociado con las variaciones interanuales en la precipitación que resultan de los ciclos de El Niño-La Niña en el Océano Pacifico. Tanto la depredación de los nidos como la disponibilidad de alimenta pueden limitar la reproduction de los loros en el bosque tropical seco, siendo las poblaciones de especies amenazadas en los hábitat secos muy vulnerables a los impactos de la variabilidad climática y la fragmentación del hábitat.
CLIMATIC VARIABILITY CAN affect avian reproduction, particularly in arid environments where breeding success may be sensitive to precipitation (Gibbs and Grant 1987, Curry and Grant 1989, Li and Brown 1999, Christman 2002). The El Niño Southern Oscillation over the Pacific creates strong environmental variability (Taylor et al. 1998), which affects rainfall patterns and reproductive success of bird populations (Gibbs and Grant 1987, Grant and Grant 1987, Christman 2002). Rainfall may affect breeding success in arid environments, given that many bird species initiate reproduction in the rainy season and use arthropod resources while raising young (Dittami and Gwinner 1985, Gibbs and Grant 1987, Wrege and Emlen 1991). Few studies have examined the effects of climatic variability on bird species that breed in the dry season (Brown and Li 1996, Li and Brown 1999, Christman 2002) or that depend on either fruit or seed resources during the breeding season. Between-year climatic variability may also affect fruit and seed production in tropical forests of Central America (Foster 1982, Wright et al. 1999). However, we know little of the effect of such cycles on reproduction of granivorous or frugivorous birds in seasonally dry tropical forests.
Predation affects nest success and limits production of young in birds, with tropical birds experiencing higher predation and lower nest success than temperate birds (Ricklefs 1969, Skutch 1985, Robinson et al. 2000). Cavity nests are less vulnerable to predation than open nests (Alerstam and Högstedt 1981). Cavity-nesting birds generally have >60% nest success (Martin and Li 1992, Johnson and Kermort 1994, Purcell et al. 1997). Most parrot species have nest-success rates equivalent to those of cavity-nesting birds (Saunders 1982, 1986; Rowley 1990; Rowley and Chapman 1991; Smith 1991; Munn 1992; Robinet and Salas 1999; Masello and Quillfeldt 2002; Monterrubio et al. 2002; Seixas and Mourão 2002), though many parrot species produce few young despite high nest success (Masello and Quillfeldt 2002).
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