FAT-DEPOSITION STRATEGIES AMONG HIGH-LATITUDE PASSERINE MIGRANTS
Auk, The, Apr 2005 by Benson, Anna-Marie, Winker, Kevin
ABSTRACT
We studied fat stores in passerine migrants at a high-latitude site in Fairbanks, Alaska (64°50'N, 147°50'W). We examined fat-deposition strategies during the final (spring) and initial (autumn) stages of long-distance migration, 1992-1998, to (1) improve understanding of geographic fat-deposition patterns by adding a high-latitude perspective; (2) determine whether there are age-related differences in fat-deposition strategies in autumn; and (3) test the "spring fatter" hypothesis of seasonal fat-deposition, which suggests that migrants should carry more fat in spring when they near their breeding areas than in autumn when they depart. Our analyses examined factors affecting daily fat scores during migration and compared between-season differences in fat stores among a total of 18,685 individuals of 16 migrant species. In autumn, adults had higher visible subcutaneous fat scores than immatures in 11 of 16 species. However, in all but two species, those differences were attributable to the effects of overnight low temperature, day length, and time of day, rather than age, probably because of later departures by adults. Fat scores were higher in autumn than in spring in 6 of 16 species, and body-condition indices were higher in autumn in 5 of 16 species. Only one species showed higher fat scores in spring, but that difference was not reflected in a seasonal comparison of bodycondition indices. No species arrived with high fat loads in spring, and generally low fat levels in autumn suggest that high-latitude passerine migrants in North America are paying most of the energetic costs of long-distance migration with resources obtained en route to their wintering grounds. Among passerine migrants near these high-latitude breeding grounds, seasonal fat-deposition strategies appear to be responding to energetic needs at the level of daily maintenance, rather than to hypothesized insurance needs in spring or to the forthcoming needs of a long-distance migration in autumn. Received 16 October 2003, accepted 10 November 2004.
Key words: birds, energetics, migration, Nearctic-Neotropic migrants, stopover ecology, subarctic stopover sites.
Stratégies de Constitution de Réserves de Graisse chez des Passereaux Migrants à des Hautes Latitudes
RÉSUMÉ.-Nous avons étudié les réserves de graisse chez des passereaux migrateurs sur un site situé à une haute latitude à Fairbanks, Alaska (64°50'N, 147°50'W). Nous avons étudié les stratégies de constitution de réserves de graisse lors des haltes finales (printemps) et initiales (automne) survenant au cours de longues migrations entre 1992 et 1998. Les objectifs de cette étude était (1) d'améliorer la compréhension des patrons géographiques pour la constitution de réserves de graisse en considérant la perspective d'une étude à haute latitude; (2) de déterminer s'il y a des différences dans les stratégies de constitution de réserves de graisse en fonction de l'âge au cours de l'automne; et (3) de tester l'hypothèse "spring fatter" ("plus gras au printemps") de constitution de réserves de graisse saisonnières. Cette hypothèse suggère que les migrateurs devraient posséder plus de graisse au printemps, quand ils sont proches de leurs aires de reproduction, que pendant l'automne quand ils partent. Nos analyses ont examiné les facteurs qui affectent les réserves journalières en graisse au cours de la migration et comparé les différences inter-saisonnières en réserves de graisse parmi un total de 18 685 individus appartenant à 16 espèces migratrices. À l'automne, les adultes avaient des réserves apparentes de graisse plus importantes que les immatures chez 11 des 16 espèces étudiées. Néanmoins, pour toutes les autres espèces (sauf deux), ces différences étaient attribuables aux effets de la basse température au cours de la nuit, de la longueur du jour, et le moment de la journée, plutôt que l'âge, probablement en raison du départ plus tardif des adultes. Les dépôts de graisse étaient plus importants à l'automne pour 5 des 16 espèces. Seule une espèce a montré des dépôts de graisse plus importants au printemps, mais cette différence n'a pas été retrouvée dans une comparaison saisonnière des indices de conditions corporelles. Aucune espèce n'est arrivée avec des réserves de graisse élevées au printemps. Généralement, les faibles niveaux de graisse à l'automne suggèrent que les passereaux migrants à de hautes latitudes en Amérique du Nord assument la plupart des coûts énergétiques encourus au cours des longues migrations grâce à des ressources obtenues lors de leur voyage vers les aires d'hivernage. Parmi les passereaux migrants vers les aires de nidification situées à ces hautes latitudes, les stratégies saisonnières de constitution de réserves de graisse semblent répondre aux besoins énergétiques requis par la demande journalière, plutôt qu'aux besoins complémentaires et hypothétiques au printemps et lors de la longue migration automnale.
LONG-DISTANCE MIGRATION is energetically expensive (Berthold 1975, Blem 1990). During migration, metabolic rates for some passerines can be 6-8x the normal resting rate (Hussell 1969). Those energetic demands are satisfied by fat deposited before and during the migratory period (e.g. Nisbet et al. 1963, Mueller and Berger 1966, Berthold 1975, Cherry 1982, Blem 1990). Although fat deposition has been documented at stopover sites, continental patterns of fat deposition in Nearctic-Neotropic migrants are not well understood. Understanding the geographic and temporal patterns of migratory fat-deposition could elucidate broad patterns of migration strategies and the selective pressures associated with continental migration systems.
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