EDGE AVOIDANCE BY NESTING GRASSLAND BIRDS: A FUTILE STRATEGY IN A FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPE
Auk, The, Apr 2005 by Renfrew, Rosalind B, Ribic, Christine A, Nack, Jamie L
ABSTRACT
Some grassland passerine species are considered area-sensitive, but the mechanisms underlying that phenomenon are not understood, particularly on grazed grasslands. Area sensitivity may result from edge avoidance or higher nest predation near edges, both of which may be influenced by predator activity or cattle-induced vegetational differences between pasture edge and interior. We assessed the effect of distance to edge on nest density and predation Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis), Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum), Bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), and meadowlarks (Sturnella spp.) along wooded and nonwooded edges of Wisconsin pastures in 1998-2000 and the activity of potential mammalian nest predators along those edges in 2000-2001. We found a positive relationship between nest density and distance from edge for all edge types combined, but that was not the result of effects of wooded edges: we found no difference in density between nests located
Key words: edge, fragmentation, grassland birds, grazing, nest density, nest predation, pasture, predators.
Evitar el Borde: Una Estrategia Fútil de las Aves de Pastizal Nidificantes en un Paisaje Fragmentado
RESUMEN.-Algunas especies de aves paserinas de pastizal son susceptibles al área del hábitat, pero los mecanismos subyacentes a este fenómeno no están entendidos, particularmente en pastizales pastoreados. La susceptibilidad al área puede resultar de evitar el borde o de una mayor depredación de nidos cerca de los bordes. Estos dos procesos pueden estar influenciados por la actividad de los depredadores o por diferentias en la vegetación inducidas por el ganado entre el borde del pastizal y el interior. Evaluamos el efecto de la distancia al borde en la densidad de nidos y depredación en Passerculus sandwichensis, Ammodramus savannarum, Dolichonyx oryzivorus y Sturnella spp. a lo largo de bordes con y sin bosque en pastizales de Wisconsin en 1998-2000 y la actividad de mamíferos que potencialemnte actúan como depredadores de nidos a Io largo de esos bordes en 2000-2001. Encontramos una relación positiva entre la densidad de nidos y la distancia desde el borde para todos los tipos de borde combinados. Sin embargo, para los bordes con bosque no encontramos diferencias en la densidad entre nidos localizados a menos de 50 o 100 m de bordes con bosque y sin bosque (cultive o pastizal). Los modelos que incluyeron combinaciones de la estructura de la vegetación (e.g. ocultamiento), fecha de iniciación, año o variables del borde (o las cuatro juntas) predijeron de modo insatisfactorio la probabilidad de depredación de los nidos. For lo tanto, el emplazamiento de nidos lejos de los bordes no redujo su riesgo de depredación. Ocho especies depredadoras de los nidos de las aves del pastizal fueron documentadas a lo largo de los bordes de los pastizales, siendo el mapache Procyon lotor la más común. La frecuencia de visitas de mapaches y de la ardilla Spermophilus tridecemlineatus fue mayor a lo largo de los bordes con bosque y sin bosque, respectivamente. La actividad del ganado (Bas taurus) no afectó de modo diferencial la altura y densidad de la vegetación a lo largo de los bordes con respecta al interior del pastizal. Posibles razones para explicar por qué el riesgo de depredación es similar en el interior de los pastizales y en el borde en un pasaje fragmentado incluyen la facilidad con la que los depredadores pueden moverse dentro de los pastizales, el alto porcentaje de depredadores residentes del pastizal y el tamano pequeño de los pastizales (mediana = 47.2 ha).
LOSS OF GRASSLAND habitat results in fragmentation, in which larger grassland patches are converted into a mosaic of smaller, more isolated patches. The process has conservation implications for birds that are area-sensitive during the breeding season, because they require or prefer larger patches of habitat and are less abundant and have lower productivity in smaller patches (e.g. Herkert 1994, Vickery et al. 1994, Bollinger 1995, Herkert et al. 2003). However, evidence of area sensitivity in grassland passerines is not always found, or can vary regionally (Johnson and IgI 2001). There is an implicit assumption that larger patches are higher-quality habitat for area-sensitive species than smaller patches, with all other factors being equal. Larger patches contain more interior or "core" habitat and less habitat near patch edges than smaller patches (Temple and Gary 1988). Area-sensitive species are assumed to avoid edges (but see Villard 1998), which would explain why they are less abundant in smaller patches. Grassland passerines that have been found to avoid edges, resulting in lower nest density or fewer territories near edges than in the patch interior, include Henslow's Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii; O'Leary and Nyberg 2000, Winter et al. 2000), Grasshopper Sparrow (A. savannarum; Delisle and Savidge 1996, O'Leary and Nyberg 2000), Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna; O'Leary and Nyberg 2000), and Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus; O'Leary and Nyberg 2000, Fletcher and Koford 2003, Bollinger and Gavin 2004).
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