FOOD LIMITATION DURING BREEDING IN A HETEROGENEOUS LANDSCAPE
Auk, The, Jan 2006 by Granbom, Martin, Smith, Henrik G
ABSTRACT.-
Breeding success in birds may be determined by the availability of food that parents can provide to growing nestlings. A standard method for testing the occurrence of food limitation is to provide supplemental food during different parts of the breeding period. If there is spatial variation in the strength of food limitation, the effect of such an experiment should also vary spatially. We investigated whether the strength of food limitation during nestling rearing in the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) was related to the management intensity of agricultural landscapes. We fed birds mealworms during the nestling period in landscapes with high or low local availability of pasture, the preferred foraging habitat. Both habitat and food supplementation affected growth and survival of nestlings; the effects of the food-supplementation experiment were generally stronger than those of habitat. Mortality mainly struck the last-hatched chick. Both habitat and food supplementation positively affected nestling growth, measured as nestling tarsus length. In addition, food supplementation positively affected feather growth and asymptotic mass. Contrary to expectation, no interactions existed between effects of habitat and food supplementation, which suggests that breeding success was limited by food availability in both landscapes. Potential reasons for this lack of effect are parental compensation and low statistical power. Also, breeding densities were higher in landscapes with more pastures, possibly equalizing the per-capita availability of food. Thus, our results demonstrate that reproductive success was limited by availability of food when local availability of preferred foraging habitat was either low or high, but fail to demonstrate spatial variation in the strength of food limitation. Received 1 March 2004, accepted 29 May 2005.
Key words: breeding success, clutch size, European Starling, food supplementation, habitat heterogeneity, nestling growth, Sturnus vulgaris.
Escasez de Alimentos durante el Períiodo Reproductive en un Paisaje Heterogéneo
RESUMEN.-El éxito reproductivo de las aves puede estar determinado por la disponibilidad de los alimentos que los padres pueden brindar a los pichones en crecimiento. Un método estándar para evaluar si las aves están limitadas por la disponibilidad de alimentos es proveer alimentos suplementarios durante diferentes momentos del período reproductivo. Si existe variación espacial en la presión de la escasez de alimentos, el efecto de este experimento debería también variar espacialmente. Investigamos si la presión de la escasez de alimentos durante la cría de pichones de Sturnus vulgaris está relacionada con la intensidad de manejo de los paisajes agrícolas. Alimentamos a las aves con gusanos durante el período en el que estaban criando pichones en paisajes con una alta y baja disponibilidad local de pastizales, que representan el hábitat preferido de forrajeo. Tanto el hábitat como la provisión de alimente suplementario afectaron el crecimiento y la supervivencia de los pichones. Los efectos del experimento de provisión de alimento suplementario fueron generalmente más fuertes que los del hábitat. La mortalidad se manifestó principalmente en el pichón que eclosionó último. Tanto el hábitat como la provisión de alimento suplementario afectaron positivamente el crecimiento de los pichones, medido con base en el largo del tarso. Además, la provisión de alimento suplementario afectó positivamente el crecimiento de las plumas y la masa asintótica. Contrariamente a lo que se esperaba, no existieron interacciones entre los efectos del habitat y de la provision de alimento suplementario, Io que sugiere que el éxito reproductivo estuvo limitado por la disponibilidad de alimento en ambos paisajes. Las razones potenciales para esta falta de efecto son la existencia de compensación por parte de los padres y el poder estadístico bajo. Además, las densidades reproductivas fueron mayores en los paisajes con más pastizales, lo que posiblemente igualó la disponibilidad de alimento per-cápita. Nuestros resultados demuestran que el éxito reproductivo esruvo limitado por la disponibilidad de alimento cuando la disponibilidad local de los ambientes preferidos de forrajeo fue tanto baja como alta, pero no permiten demostrar una variación espacial en la presión de la escasez de alimentos.
BREEDING SUCCESS IN birds may be determined by the availability of food that parents can provide to nestlings (Martin 1987, Boutin 1990, Newton 1998). Several food-supplementation studies have been performed to test this notion. Some studies have demonstrated strong positive effects of supplemental food on reproductive success (e.g. von Brömssen and Jansson 1980, Arcese and Smith 1988, Simons and Martin 1990, Richner 1992), whereas others have shown limited or no effect on reproductive success (e.g. von Bromssen and Jansson 1980, Ewald and Rohwer 1982, Styrsky et al. 2000). Similarly, male-removal studies in species with biparental care have shown varying effects on reproductive success (Wolf et al. 1988, Bart and Tornes 1989). One reason for this variation in results may be variation in power between studies. However, another important reason for this variation may be that breeding success is determined by different mechanisms in different habitats or during different periods. For example, breeding success may be limited by food in habitats with generally low food availability but may be unconstrained in habitats with high food availability. Because food supplies for breeding birds have been found to differ between habitats and seasons, this is a possible explanation (Newton 1998, Gill and Hatch 2002).
Most Recent Reference Articles
- ARAB EUROPEAN RELATIONS - Dec 22 - Russia Denies Selling Missile System To Iran
- EGYPT - Dec 29 - Opposition Says Mubarak Blessed Israeli Attacks
- ARAB AFFAIRS - Dec 22 - Syria Will Eventually Move To Direct Talks With Israel
- ARAB AFFAIRS - Dec 30 - GCC Denounces Massacre
- ARAB ISRAELI RELATIONS - Israel Issues An Appeal To Palestinians In Gaza
Most Recent Reference Publications
Most Popular Reference Articles
- The Greek chorus, Jimmy the Greek got it wrong but so did his critics - Jimmy Snyder and his views on pro sports and race
- How Tyler Perry rose from homelessness to a $5 million mansion
- 9 questions to ask your new lover: what you were afraid to ask, but always wanted to know
- Credit card debt on college campuses: causes, consequences, and solutions
- Living by the word: light the candles



