ELEVATIONAL ZONATION AND THE PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE HENICORHINA WOOD-WRENS
Auk, The, Jan 2006 by Dingle, Caroline, Lovette, Irby J, Canaday, Chris, Smith, Thomas B
ABSTRACT.-
The Henicorhina wood-wren complex consists of three taxonomic species. Two of these, the Gray-breasted Wood-Wren (Henicorhina leucophrys) and the White-breasted Wood-Wren (H. leucosticta), are widespread throughout Central America and northern South America, with leucophrys occurring at higher elevations in regions where both occur. A third, recently described, species-the Bar-winged Wood-Wren (H. leucoptera)-occurs only in several isolated Cordilleras in southeastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru, where it replaces the Gray-breasted Wood-Wren at the highest elevations. We used mitochondrial DNA sequences to explore the phylogenetic relationships among populations of these taxa and to draw inferences about the evolutionary origins of elevational zonation. We found substantial mitochondrial diversity within both leucophrys and leucosticta. Differentiation across the Andes in leucophrys was negligible, but populations from Central America and from northwestern Ecuador showed substantial differentiation. Three highly differentiated haplotype groups were also present in leucosticta, corresponding to populations in the eastern Andean lowlands, Central America, and the Chocó region of northwestern Ecuador; these populations may each warrant taxonomic species status. Bar-winged haplotypes nested within the mitochondrially diverse leucosticta group, where they were most closely allied to the geographically distant Chocó haplotypes. This leucopteraleucosticta affinity is not consistent with previous inferences, based on plumage and behavioral similarities, that grouped leucoptera and leucophrys as sister species. These reconstructions refute the hypothesis that elevational zonation in this clade originated from in situ speciation along an elevational gradient, and instead highlight the role of complex changes in geographic distributions in fostering phylogenetic and ecological diversification. Received 7 October 2003, accepted 22 June 2005.
Key words: Andes, Ecuador, elevational speciation, Henicorhina, phylogeny, phylogeography, wood-wren.
Reemplazos Altitudinales y Relaciones Filogenéticas en el Género Henicorhina (Troglodytidae)
RESUMEN. - El complejo de troglodítidos del género Henicorhina está compuesto por tres especies. Dos de ellas, H. leucophrys y H. leucosticta, están ampliamente distribuidas a través de América Central y el norte de Sur América, y leucophrys se encuentra a mayores elevaciones en las regiones donde se encuentran ambas especies. Una tercera especie recientemente descrita, H. leucoptera, se encuentra sólo en varias cordilleras aisladas del sureste de Ecuador y el noreste de Perú, donde reemplaza a leucophrys a elevaciones mayores. En este estudio empleamos secuencias de ADN mitocondrial para explorar las relaciones filogenéticas entre poblaciones de estos taxa y para hacer inferencias sobre el origen evolutivo de los reemplazos altitudinales. Encontramos que existe considerable diversidad genética tanto dentro de leucophrys como dentro de leucosticta. La diferenciación a lo largo de los Andes en leucophrys es despreciable, pero las poblaciones de América Central y del noroeste de Ecuador están sustancialmente diferenciadas. Dentro de leucosticta existen tres grupos de haplotipos bien diferenciados, que corresponden a las poblaciones de las tierras bajas del este de los Andes, América Central y la región del Chocó en el noroeste de Ecuador; estas tres poblaciones podrían ser consideradas como especies diferentes. Los haplotipos de leucoptera están anidados dentro del grupo de leucosticta, donde están más estrechamente relacionados con los haplotipos geográficamente distantes de la región del Chocó. Esta afinidad entre leucoptera y leucosticta no es consistente con las inferencias previas basadas en similitudes en el plumaje y el comportamiento, que habían considerado a leucophrys y leucosticta como especies hermanas. Estas reconstrucciones permiten rechazar la hipótesis de que los reemplazos altitudinales en este clado se originaron luego del desarrollo de procesos de especiación in situ a lo largo de gradientes de elevación. En cambio, estas reconstrucciones resaltan el papel de los cambios complejos de las distribuciones geográficas promoviendo la diversificación filogenética y ecológica.
ELEVATIONAL ZONATION, A pattern of abrupt species turnover among congeneric taxa along elevational transects, is a conspicuous feature of the montane avifaunas in the Andes and elsewhere (Diamond 1969, Terborgh 1971, Terborgh and Weske 1975, Patterson et al. 1988). This zonation phenomenon could have several origins, including speciation along an elevational gradient (Terborgh 1971, Endler 1982) or elevational displacement following the secondary contact of forms that differentiated in isolation (Fjeldså 1992, Arctander and Fjeldså 1994, Garcia-Moreno and Fjeldså 2000). These disparate processes are difficult to assess in the absence of historical information about the geographic distributions and phylogenetic relationships among the closely allied taxa that demonstrate elevational zonation.
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