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A DISTINCTIVE NEW SPECIES OF TYRANT FLYCATCHER (PASSERIFORMES: TYRANNIDAE: CNIPODECTES) FROM SOUTHEASTERN PERU
Auk, The, Jul 2007 by Lane, Daniel F, Servat, Grace P, H, Thomas Valqui, Lambert, Frank R
Bamboo specialization.- On the basis of the habitat present at all sites where the species has been confirmed by sight or specimen, we believe that C. superrufus can be labeled a Guadua specialist (sensu Kratter 1997). If the Manu Lodge records were also of C. superrufus, this hypothesis is not necessarily refuted, because other "bamboo specialists" also occur marginally in other habitats (Kratter 1997, Aleixo et al. 2000). The patches of Guadua at the Pakitza and Playa Bonita sites have bloomed and died, or are dying at the time of this writing (G. P. Servat pers. obs.). Whether C. superrufus will remain at these sites for the long term in the absence of bamboo is a topic to study; other bamboo-specialist bird species are known to abandon dying patches (Kratter 1997). However, H. Lloyd (pers. comm.) found the species in a remnant patch of bamboo amid floodplain forest at Pakitza in August 2004, which suggests that the species can persist even in dying bamboo patches. It may be that the Manu Lodge records were of a bird maintaining its territory at a site where the bamboo had died and not yet regenerated.
Voice and other sounds.- On 20 February 2004 at Nuevo Mundo, T.V.H. recorded vocalizations of a presumed male C. superrufus, including both unsolicited and after playback. The unsolicited voice was a series of squeaky, rising auec or cueet notes evenly spaced at a rate of 5 notes S"1. Both in unsolicited vocalizing bouts and after playback, the number of notes and the fundamental frequency of the vocalization varied (Fig. 3A). The overall effect of the voice is similar to a common vocalization of Sulfur-bellied Tyrant- Manakin (Neopelma sulphureiventer). Shortly after playback, the same individual gave a series of notes at a rate of -8 notes s_1. This vocalization closely resembles one of C. subbrunneus recorded, in agitated response to playback, by N. Krabbe while the bird performed aggressive approaches toward the recordist (Krabbe and Nilsson 2003; N. Krabbe pers. comm.; Fig. 3B). The vocalization recorded by T.V.H. after playback was also given in conjunction with aggressive approaches. These vocalizations are not stereotyped as is typical of most tyrannid songs, but rather seem to vary in pace and intensity in relation to the emotional state of the bird. Thus, we conclude that the C. superrufus vocalization recorded by T.V.H. is not a song but rather a call given when agitated. The vocalizations recorded near Manu Lodge by Whitney and Rowlett sound very like those on T.V.H. 's recording. However, in response to playback, the Manu Lodge bird(s) quickened the pace of its vocalizations even more than the bird at Kirigueti.
The song of C. subbrunneus (Fig. 3C) is a stereotyped series of loud, descending whistled notes, sometimes preceded by sharp ticking sounds (Fig. 3C). These ticking sounds appear to be made either by bill snaps or vocally, or by a combination of both, but do not involve the wings (D. F. Lane pers. obs.). Another call of C. subbrunneus, commonly given in an unsolicited manner, is a long, mewing cueet (Fig. 3D) given singly or in a very loose series. We expect that, with more field experience, C. superrufus will be found producing vocalizations similar to the song and "unsolicited" call of C. subbrunneus.
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