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A DISTINCTIVE NEW SPECIES OF TYRANT FLYCATCHER (PASSERIFORMES: TYRANNIDAE: CNIPODECTES) FROM SOUTHEASTERN PERU
Auk, The, Jul 2007 by Lane, Daniel F, Servat, Grace P, H, Thomas Valqui, Lambert, Frank R
The distinctive coloration and morphometries are our basis for treating C. superrufus as a species-level taxon with respect to C. subbrunneus. We believe that these characters uphold species status under any species concept. In addition, with so little known about the status and distribution of C. superrufus, we are reluctant to suggest that it and C. subbrunneus even be treated as a superspecies. Compared to C. superrufus, C. subbrunneus is a relatively widespread species, with two trans-Andean and one cis-Andean subspecies. The two forms west of the Andes include panamensis, which occurs from central Panama (Ridgely and Gwynne 1989) to the Chocó forests of the northern Pacific slope of Colombia, and the nominate subbrunneus on the Pacific slope of Ecuador (Ridgely and Greenfield 2001a). Subspecies minor occurs east of the Andes from central Colombia and the west bank of the Rio Negro in Brazil south to Ucayali department in Peru, Pando department in Bolivia, and the lower Rio Madeira in Brazil (Hilty and Brown 1986, Parker and Remsen 1987, Ridgely and Tudor 1994, Borges et al. 2001, Ridgely and Greenfield 2001a, B. M. Whitney pers. comm.). These three subspecies differ primarily in measurements and minor differences in plumage color (Zimmer 1939), and there seems to be little, if any, geographical variation in song (Krabbe and Nilsson 2003, B. M. Whitney pers. comm., D. F. Lane pers. obs.). No taxon within C. subbrunneus exhibits overall plumage coloration of such saturated rufous as C. superrufus. Cnipodectes subbrunneus is found in relatively low densities in transitional and terra firme forest with dense patches of understory and is best detected by voice or netting (D. F. Lane pers. obs.). In Pando, Bolivia, it is known to occur in Guadua bamboo stands (Parker and Remsen 1987). J. Tobias's record (pers. comm.) of C. superrufus from bamboo stands nearby suggests that the two species may occur syntopically in the region. Interestingly, the thamnophilid genus Cymbilaimus parallels Cnipodectes in having a widespread, "generalist" species (Fasciated Antshrike [Cymbilaimus lineatus]) and a sister species restricted to southwestern Amazonia (Bamboo Antshrike [C. sanctaemariae]), the latter a Guadua specialist. These antshrikes occur sympatrically, but they partition habitats where they co-occur (Pierpont and Fitzpatrick 1983). Other genera (e.g., Celeus, Monasa, Synallaxis, Cercomacra, Lophotriccus, Hemitriccus, and Ramphotrigon) also exhibit this pattern, but it is less clear that sister taxa are involved.
Potential distribution and conservation status.- Satellite imagery suggests that there are immense blocks of Gwadufl-dominated terra firme forest in southwestern Amazonian Brazil, southeastern Peru, and northwesternmost Bolivia (Del Bon Espirito-Santo et al. 2003, Silman et al. 2003; Fig. 2). Remarkably, exceptionally little ornithological work has been conducted in these areas, probably because of their distance from large, navigable rivers. We predict that future ornithological field work in these Guadua-dominated upland forests will result in more records of C. superrufus, and may even find it to be a common species.
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