"CIVILIZATION" ON TRIAL: THE COLONIAL AND POSTCOLONIAL STATE IN AFRICA

2. Joseph Harris. Africans and their History. (New York: Penguin, 1987): p. 23.

3. Sven Lindquist. Exterminate All the Brutes " One Man's Odyssey into the Heart of Darkness and the Origins of European Genocide (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996).

4. Carol White. The New Dark Ages of Conspiracy (New York: New Benjamin Franklin House, 1980): 29-30; On imperialism see Rosa Luxemburg 1817-1919 in The A ccumulation of Capital (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1951); Rudolf Hilferdig 1877-1941 in Finance Capital (New York: Routledge, 1988) agreed that imperialist expansion led to violence. He emphasized the use of violence to create labor in the colonies; J. A Hobson: Imperialism: A Study ( 1904) distinguished late 19th C imperialism from previous ones in two ways: competition of several empires against each other and the predominance of finance capital over mercantile capital. He rejected the idea that capitalism would help improve poor peoples' conditions. Vladimir Lenin Imperialism: the Highest stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, n.d) argued during this period imperialism was characterized by dominance of monopolies & Finance capital; Stanley Aronowitz & Heather Gautney (eds.). Implicating Empire: Globalization & Resistance in the 21st Century World Order (New York: Basic Books, 2003) chapter one.

5. Albert Memmi, Portrait du colonisé, précédé de Portrait du colonisateur. Paris: Folio-Actuel/Gallimard, 2002 [1961], 89 & 94; on tribalism see Conor Cruise O'Brien, To Katanga and Back: A U.N. case History (New York: The Universal Library/Grosset & Dunlap, 1966): pp. 238-40.

6. Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch. Le Congo au temps des grandes companies concessionaires, 1898-1930 (Paris: Editions de l'EHESS, 2001 [1972]): pp. 171-77.

7. Caroline Elkins. Imperial Recokoning: The Untold Story of Britain's in Kenya. (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2005): p. 256; on forced labor in Tanganyika see also; "Records of Maji Maji Rebellion 1905-1907 cited in Robert O. Collins, ed.. Documents From the African Past (Princeton: Wiener Publishers, 2001 ): p. 306.

8. Ibid., p. 258.

9. Herman Merivale, 1838 Oxford lectures on "Colonization and Colonies," quoted in Sven Lindqvist. "Exterminate All the Brutes" One Man's Odyssey into the Heart of Darkness and the Origins of European Genocide (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996): p. 123.

10. Joseph Conrad. Heart of Darkness, edited by Robert Hampson. (London & New York: Penguin Books, 1995) [1902]: p. 20.

11. Sven Lindqvist, "Exterminate All the Brutes." p. 141 referring to a speech by Lord Salisbury, prime minister of England (4 May 1898).

12. John Ruskin at an inaugural lecture at Oxford University, 1870, cited in Anthony Thomas. Rhodes: the Race for Africa (England: Penguin Books, 1997): 88; see also Jean and John Comaroff. Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa, vol. one,(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Carroll Quigley, The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden. (New York: Books in Focus, 1981); Bernard Semmel, Imperialism and Social Reform: English Social-Imperial Thought 1895-1914 (New York: Doubleday, 1960); Anthony Trollope, South Africa: A Report of the 1878 Edition with an introduction and notes by J.H. Davidson (Cape Town: A.A. Balkema, 1878), pp. 454-462; G.R. Kesteven, The Boer War (London: Ghatto & Windus, 1970): p. 18.