Psychological androgyny and creativity: Dynamics of gender-role and personality trait

This study indicates that BSRI, with the modifications performed, may offer a highly applicable test for future investigations of creativity. Further studies are necessary for an eventual classification of the various forms of creativity with regard to the androgynic and retrotypic gender-role types, and to determine to what extent stereotypic individuals are less creative.

REFERENCES

Abra, J. & Valentine-French, S. (1991). Gender differences in creative achievement: A survey of explanations. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 117, 233-284.

Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity. New York: Springer Verlag.

Baumrind, D. (1982). Are androgynous individuals more effective persons and parents? Child Development, 53, 44-75.

Becker, B. J. & Hedges, L. N. (1984). Meta-analysis of cognitive gender differences: A comment on an analysis by Rosenthal and Rubin. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 583-587.

Bem, S. L. ( 1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-162.

Bem, S. L. (1977). On the utility of alternate procedures for assessing psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 196-205.

Bem, S. L. (1981). Bem Sex-role Inventory, professional manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Bem, S. L. (1984). Androgyny and gender schema theory: A conceptual and empirical integration. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 32, 179-226.

Betz, N. (1993). Women's career development. In ft L. Denmark & M. A. Paludi (Eds.), Psychology of women: A handbok of issues and theories. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Block, J. H. ( 1973). Conceptions of sex role: Some cross cultural and longitudinal perspectives. American Psychologist, 28, 512-526.

Eccles, J. S. (1985). Why doesn't Jane run? Sex differences in educational and occupational patterns. In F. D. Horowitz & M. O'Brien (Eds.), The gifted and talented: Developmental perspectives (pp. 251-300). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Ekvall, G. (1991). Fornyelse och friktion. Om organisation, kreativitet och innovation [Renewal and friction. Organization, creativity and innovation]. Stockholm: Natur och Kultur.

Feingold, A. (1988). Cognitive gender differences are disappearing. American Psychologist, 43, 95103.

Helson, R. (1967). Sex differences in creative style. Journal of Personality, 34, 214-233.

Holmquist, R. (1986). Manual till FS: Forandring och stabilitet [Manual for the FS Test: Change and stability]. Stockholm: Psykologiforlaget.

Lott, B. (1981). A feminist critique of androgyny: Toward the elimination of gender attributions for learned behavior. In C. Mayo & N. M. Henley (Eds.), Gender and nonverbal behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Lubinski, D., Tellegen, A. & Butcher, J. N. (1981), The relationship between androgyny and subjective indicators of emotional well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 722730.

McKinnon, D. W (1962). The nature and nurture of creative talent. American Psychologist,17, 484495.