prophet and the presidency: Mormonism and politics in Joseph Smith's 1844 Presidential campaign, The

Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Summer 2000 by Wood, Timothy L

4 Leonard J. Arrington and Davis Bitton, The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-day Saints (Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1992), xv. For an explicitly Mormon interpretation of Smith's presidential campaign, see Richard Vetterli, Mormonism, Americanism and Politics (Salt Lake City: Ensign Publishing Company, 1961).

5 George M. Marsden, Religion and American Culture (Fort Worth, Texas: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1990), 4.

6 Arrington and Bitton, 5-8; Brodie 21-25, 405-10.

7 Jan Shipps, Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition (Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1985), x. For a dissenting view that argues for the continuity of Mormonism within traditional American Christianity, see Grant Underwood, The Millenarian World of Early Mormonism (Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1993). Those same issues are also taken up in Richard L. Bushman, Joseph Smith and the Beginnings of Mormonism (Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1988).

8 Bruce R. McConkie, Mormon Doctrine (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1979), 16-18, 333.

9 The Nicene Creed states "We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, maker of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the onlybegotten of the Father, that is, from the substance of the Father, God of God, light of light, true God of true God, begotten, not made, of one substance with the Father,

through whom all things were made, both in heaven and on earth, who for us humans and for our salvation descended and became incarnate, becoming human, suffered and rose again on the third day, ascended to the heavens, and will come to judge the living and the dead. And in the Holy Spirit." Justo L. Gonzalez, The Story of Christianity (San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1984), 1:165.

10 McConkie, 511, 576-77.

11 Joseph Smith, History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: History of Joseph Smith, the Prophet (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1980), 6:305.

12 Ibid., 6:310. Brackets inserted by editor.

13 Ibid., 6:306.

14 McConkie, 550.

15 Ibid., 670-72.

16 All quotations from The Doctrine and Covenants are taken from the first edition, published in Kirtland, Ohio in 1835. Subsequent editions rearranged the system of numbering the various sections and articles.

17 Smith, History, 6:312.

18 Thomas F. O'Dea, The Mormons (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1957), 160-65.

19 Ibid., 163.

20 Ibid., 165.

21 Ibid., 167.

22 J. Keith Melville, "Joseph Smith, the Constitution, and Individual Liberties," BYU Studies 28 (Spring 1988): 65-74.

23 Arrington and Bitton, 61-64. For a comprehensive history of early Illinois, see James E. Davis, Frontier Illinois (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1999).

24 Brodie, 267. Thomas Ford later remarked that this clause seemed to give the city the "power to pass ordinances in violation of the laws of the State, and to erect a system of government for themselves." Ford, 264.

25 Robert Bruce Flanders, Nauvoo: Kingdom on the Mississippi (Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1975), 113.