Environmental Causes and Consequences of Migration: A Search for the Meaning of "Environmental Refugees", The

Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, Winter 2004 by Keane, David

17. Suzette Brooks Masters, Environmentally Induced Migration: Beyond a Culture of Reaction, 14 GEO. IMMIGR. L.J. 855 (2000).

18. ROBERT E. EBEL, CHERNOBYL AND ITS AFTERMATH ix (1994).

19. Id. at 2.

20. See generally, Richard H. Wagner, Indochina: The War Against an Environment, in ENVIRONMENT AND MAN 360-74 (1971).

21. Id. at 364.

22. James K. Classman, Counter-Insurgency, Ecocide and the Production of Refugees, REFUGE, june 1992, at 28.

23. Id.

24. Adam Roberts, Destruction of the Environment During the 1991 Gulf War, INT'L REV. OF THE RED CROSS, 1992, at 538.

25. Paul Brown, Battle Scarred, the Environmental Fallout After the Tanks Have Departed, THE GUARDIAN, Feb. 19, 2003, available at http://society.guardian.co.uk/societyguardian/story/0,7843,897977,00.html. It was also in 1991 in Kuwait that depleted uranium was used as a weapon for the first time. Paul Brown notes that the uranium dust still blows across the desert, a semi-permanent hazard in such a dry climate. Id.

26. Res. 687, U.N. SCOR, 46th Sess., 2981st mtg., at 16, U.N. Doc. S/RES/687 (1991).

27. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, art. 8(2)(b)(iv), U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 183/9 (1998), 37 I.L.M. 999. see Mark A. Drumbl, Waging War Against the World: The Need to Move from War Crimes to Environmental Crimes, 22 FORDHAM INT'L LJ. 122, 126 (1998).

28. JOSEPH YACOUB, LES MINORITES DANS LE MONDE, FAITS ET ANALYSES [MINORITIES IN THE WORLD, FACTS ANDANALYSES] 94 (1998).

29. Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from cases, INT'L SECURITY, Summer 1994, at 5.

30. Id. at 10.

31. GUY GOODWIN-GIL, THE REEUGEE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 19-20 (2d ed. 1996).

32. EL-HINNAWI, supra note 3.

33. Astri Suhrke & A. Visentin, The Environmental Refugee: A New Approach, ECODECISION 73-74 ( 1991 ).

34. Symposium, Environmentally-Induced Population Displacements and Environmental Impacts Resulting from Mass Migrations, INT'L ORG. FOR MIORATION & REFUGEE POLICY CENTER (1996).

35. Id.

36. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217A, U.N. GAOR, 3d Sess., arts. 2, 18, 19, U.N. Doc. A/810 (1948),

37. Jessica B. Cooper, Environmental Refugees: Meeting the Requirements of the Refugee Definition, 6 N.Y.U. ENVTL. L.J. 480 (1996).

38. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, supra note 36, art. 14(1), staling, "[e]veryone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution."

39. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Dec. 19, 1966, art. 47, 999 U.N.T.S. 171, 185; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Dec. 16, 1966, art. 1, 993 U.N.T.S. 3, 10.

40. Masters, supra note 17, at 872.

41. Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, Sept. 10, 1969, art. 1(2), 1001 U.N.T.S. 45, 47. The Organization for African Unity (OAU) was officially replaced by the African Union on July 9, 2002, with the Constitutive Act of the African Union, adopted during the Lome Summit of the OAU on July 11, 2000, replacing the OAU Charter of 1963. This does not affect the status of the Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa.