Tuber Yield, Storability, and Quality of Michigan Cultivars in Response to Nitrogen Management and Seedpiece Spacing

American Journal of Potato Research, Sep/Oct 2004 by Long, Chris M, Snapp, Sieg S, Douches, Dave S, Chase, Richard W

ABSTRACT

Information is required on nitrogen (N) fertility and seedpiece management for new cultivars and advanced breeding lines. Interactions amongst N fertilizer rate, genotype, and seedpiece spacing are complex, and can affect tuber yield, quality, and storability as well as N fertilizer efficiency. A field study was carried out in 2001 and 2002 at MSU Montcalm Research Farm in central Michigan. Tuber yields and post-harvest quality characteristics were evaluated for five potato genotypes (MSG227-2, MSE192-8Rus, Jacqueline Lee, Liberator, and Snowden) in response to a factorial combination of three N levels (200 kg N ha^sup -1^, 300 kg N ha^sup -1^, and 400 kg N ha^sup -1^) and two seedpiece spacings, narrow (0.20 m or 0.25 m) and wide (0.33 m or 0.38 m). Narrow seedpiece spacing consistently produced the highest U.S. No. 1 yields in all genotypes tested (37 and 34 t ha^sup -1^, narrow vs wide spacing, respectively). There was a tradeoff between seedpiece spacing and N level in 2001 as tuber yields were enhanced by higher N levels at wide seedpiece spacing, but not at narrow spacing. In 2002, tuber yield was not enhanced, but petiole nitrate-N and tuber-N increased as N fertilization increased. Genotype was the major factor that influenced tuber quality characteristics at harvest and for stored tubers (e.g., specific gravity, internal defects, bruising, chip color rating, sucrose, and glucose). Spacing had minimal effects, whereas higher levels of N slightly reduced specific gravity both years, reduced internal defects in 2001 and enhanced sucrose at harvest in 2002. The cultivars tested demonstrated excellent storage characteristics for different N fertility levels and seedpiece spacing combinations. Overall, the recommended N fertilizer level for moderately long-duration potato cultivars in Michigan (200 kg N ha^sup -1^) and a narrow seedpiece spacing optimized yield and tuber quality performance while conserving N fertilizer.

RESUMEN

Se requiere de información sobre fertilización con nitrógeno (N) y manejo de semilla cortada para cultivares nuevos y líneas avanzadas de mejoramiento. Las interacciones entre la dosis de fertilizante nitrogenado, genotipo y espaciamiento de la semilla cortada son complejas y pueden tener impacto sobre el rendimiento, calidad y almacenamiento del tubérculo, lo mismo que sobre la eficiencia del fertilizante nitrogenado. En la granja experimental MSU Montcalm, Michigan central se hizo un estudio de campo en los años 2001 y 2002. Se evaluó el rendimiento y la calidad de post-cosecha de los tubércules de cinco genotipos de papa (MSG227-2, MSE192-8Rus, Jacqueline Lee, Liberator y Snowden), en respuesta a una combinación factorial de tres niveles de N (200 kg N ha^sup -1^, 300 kg N ha^sup -1^ y 400 kg N ha^sup -1^) y dos espaciamientos para semilla cortada, reducido (0.20m o 0.25m) y largo (0.33m o 0.38m). El espaciamiento reducido de la semilla produjo consistentemente los rendimientos más altos de la US No. 1 con todos los genotipos probados (37 y 34 t h^sup -1^ con espaciamiento reducido versus largo respectivamente). Hubo diferencias entre el distanciamiento de la semilla y el nivel de N en el 2001 a medida de que los rendimientos se incrementaron debido a niveles altos de N en los espaciamientos largos de la semilla pero no en los de menor espaciamiento. En el 2002, el rendimiento no se incrementó pero el N-nitrato en el pecíolo y el N en el tubérculo aumentaron a medida que se incrementó la fertilización nitrogenada. El genotipo fue el factor más importante que influyó sobre las características del tubérculo cosechado y almacenado (esto es, gravedad específica, defectos internos, abolladuras, color de hojuelas, contenido de sacarosa y glucosa). El distanciamiento tuvo efectos mínimos, mientras que los niveles altos de N redujeron ligeramente la gravedad específica en ambos años, así como los defectos internos en el 2001 e incrementaron el nivel de sacarosa a la cosecha en el 2002. Los cultivares probados mostraron características excelentes de almacenamiento con los diferentes niveles de fertilización nitrogenada y las combinaciones de distanciamiento de la semilla cortada. El nivel recomendado de fertilización nitrogenada (200 kg N ha^sup -1^) para cultivares de duración moderadamente larga en Michigan y un espaciamiento reducido de la semilla, favorecieron el rendimiento y la calidad del tubérculo mientras se mantuvo la fertilización con N.

Accepted for publication 25 May 2004.

ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS: Solatium tuberosum L., petiole nitrate, Snowden, Jacqueline Lee, Liberator, MSG227-2, MSE192-8Rus

ABBREVIATIONS: MSU, Michigan State University; N, nitrogen; SFA, Snack Food Association

INTRODUCTION

Optimizing nitrogen (N) management for each cultivar and cropping system is critically important to tuber yield and quality (Joem and Vitosh 1995). Understanding interactions amongst N fertilizer rate, genotype, and seed spacing allows the development of appropriate N management strategies. Inadequate N can limit tuber size and marketable yield, allow weeds to compete with the crop, and enhance plant susceptibility to the early die complex. Excess late summer N can delay tuber maturity, reduce effectiveness of vine-dessicants, and may adversely affect tuber quality and storability (Gelanger et al. 2002). This last is critically important for chip-processing cultivars, yet there is very little information on the interaction of N management, plant population density, and tuber quality. Seedpiece spacing and N fertilizer level frequently influence both tuber set and size. For example, the ratio of Canada No. 1 yields to total yield was increased by either enhanced N application or increasing spacing, for five out of eight cultivars investigated in Prince Edward Island (Arsenault et al. 2001).


 

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