Food Industry
Industry: Email Alert RSS FeedEnvironmental Impacts of Potato Nutrient Management
American Journal of Potato Research, Jul/Aug 2005 by Davenport, Joan R, Milburn, Paul H, Rosen, Carl J, Thornton, Robert E
ABSTRACT
Use of soluble chemical fertilizers for crop production, particularly to supply nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, has increased potato yields and quality for several decades. Over the past 10 years, however, there has been an increased concern over the environmental impact of agricultural fertilizers, particularly as nonpoint sources of water pollution. Currently, nitrogen is a target for improved use efficiencies in potato to reduce potential nitrate contamination of groundwater. Phosphorus management is increasingly being examined as a potential non-point source contaminant of surface waters. Potato researchers throughout North America are conducting studies that focus on maintaining or enhancing crop production while reducing the potential of negative environmental impacts. Precision agriculture, cover crops, slow-release fertilizers, and genetic manipulation are key strategies being studied. Concurrently, new challenges are arising, such as concerns over phosphorus leaching and heavy metal contamination in fertilizers. These have the potential to restrict nutrient use in agricultural systems, requiring both potato producers and scientists to seek additional alternatives to improve nutrient-use efficiency.
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RESUMEN
El manejo de nutrientes puede disminuir la severidad de muchas enfermedades importantes de papa y ciertas pr�cticas, tal como el mantener un pH bajo para el control de la sarna, se ha seguido con este simple objetivo. Con frecuencia, los productores de papa han incorporado modificaciones de la fertilidad con respecte a ciertas enfermedades en particular y condiciones de cultive. Desgraciadamente, la reducci�n de la enfermedad puede ser consistente con una fertilizaci�n �ptima para rendimiento, calidad y rentabilidad. Lo que puede controlar una enfermedad puede no ser bueno para otra enfermedad y los mecanismes involucrados son a menudo complejos e insuficientemente comprendidos. Los productores de papa continuar�n experimentando limitaciones conflictivas en la producci�n. Estas limitaciones incluyen la influencia del precio de los articules para mejorar el rendimiento y la reducci�n de los gastos; influencia de las demandas del consumidor para el mejoramiento de la calidad; cambios de variedad debido a las consideraciones anteriores m�s que a la reducci�n por enfermedades; incremento en la presion para la justificaci�n; cambios y reducci�n en el uso de pesticidas; preocupaci�n continua acerca del movimiento del nitrogeno y f�sforo en el agua del suelo y su p�rdida y un aumento de atenci�n en la rotaci�n de cultives. En el lado positive, las estrategias en el manejo de nutrientes para situaciones altamente especificas continuan mej orando y las pr�cticas referentes a los nutrientes y la variabilidad de las enfermedades dentro del campe se est�n volviendo m�s sofisticadas. En este contexte, existen oportunidades para el manejo de practicas culturales que reducen la presi�n de la enfermedad y laconfianza en el control qu�mico. Para estar efectivamente integrado a tales sistemas especializados de manejo, el mecanismo de estas medidas de control y las condiciones bajo las cuales son practica, necesitar�n ser mejor comprendidas. Asimismo, las respuestas de estas t�cticas necesitan ser mejor cuantificadas para permitir un adecuado an�lisis costo-beneficio. Con referenda a los efectos de los pesticidas agr�colas en la seguridad alimentaria, los trabajadores y el medio ambiente, el manejo de los nutrientes disponibles para la planta pueden convertirse en una manera de enfocar la practica para la supresi�n de enfermedades en el futuro.
ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS: fertilizers, nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals, precision agriculture, non-point source contamination, genetic manipulation, cover crops
OVERVIEW OF FERTILIZER USE IN AGRICULTURE
After World War II, technologies, equipment, and materials to manufacture inexpensive chemically based fertilizers became available. This represents a significant watershed in American agriculture. The adaptation of these materials resulted in large increases in crop yields and qualities. A great deal of research has been conducted to develop strategies to use these materials in major crops which has resulted in increasing fertilizer use until the early 1980s (Harre and White 1985). Since the 1980s, fertilizer use has been at a fairly constant level in the USA (Anonymous 1997).
Commercially available soluble chemical fertilizers are used extensively in potato (Solatium tuberosum L.) cropping systems. The three macronutrient elements nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus are the predominant fertilizers applied. All have been shown to improve yield and quality of potato tubers where native soil supplies are limiting (Westermann 2005).
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AROUND NUTRIENT USE
In recent years agricultural chemicals have become the focus of investigations into their contribution to non-point source pollution of surface and ground waters. In terms of plant mineral nutrients and the fertilizers used to supply them, efforts have focused on phosphorus as a potential contaminant of surface waters (Lemunyon and Daniel 1998) and nitrate as a potential groundwater contaminant (Nolan et al. 1998). To date, the principal focus in potato systems has been on the issue of nitrate in groundwater.
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