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Volatile Constituents and Antibacterial Activity of the Flower Oil of Evodia lunu-ankenda (Gaertn) Merr.
Journal of Essential Oil Research: JEOR, Jul/Aug 2006 by Sabulal, Baby, George, Varughese, Shiburaj, Sugathan
Abstract
The flower oil of Evodia lunu-ankenda (Gaertn) Merr. (Rutaceae) obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. Thirty-one out of 38 constituents comprising 95.1% of the oil were identified. The major constituents identified were evodione (38.9%), (E)-β-ocimene (12.4%), isolycodolin (11.7%) and alloevodionol (10.6%). The flower oil showed significant antibacterial activity, especially against the Gram-negative bacteria, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Key Word Index
Evodia lunu-ankenda, Euodia lunu-ankenda, Rutaceae, essential oil composition, evodione, (E)-β-ocimene, isolycodolin, alloevodionol, antibacterial activity.
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Introduction
Evodia is a genus of trees and shrubs distributed in East Asia, Australia, Madagascar and the Pacific Islands. Five species occur in India. Evodia lunu-ankenda is a medium-sized tree, up to 35 ft high and it is mostly distributed in the Deccan Peninsula, Eastern Himalayas, Assam and in the Andamans. It has trifoliate leaves and small, greenish white flowers. The root, root bark, stem wood, leaves and flowers of E. lunu-ankenda are used in Indian traditional medicine for fever, as tonic and for improving complexion (1-4). Phytochemical analyses on the stem wood, bark and aerial parts resulted in the isolation of dictamnine, evolitrine, isoevodionol, alloevodiono-7-methyl ether and a few other constituents. These isolates showed antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antifeedant and diuretic properties (2-5). GC/MS analyses of the oils from E. hortensis forma hortensis, E. rutaecarpa, E. rutaecarpa var. officinalis and E.fargesii have been reported (6-9). This is the first report on the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the flower oil of E. lunu-ankenda.
Experimental
Plant collection and oil isolation: Evodia lunu-ankenda flowers were collected from Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India in July 2004 and identified by Dhruvan Tandyekkal. Voucher specimen No. 51834 was deposited in the Herbarium of Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute. Fresh flowers (385 g) were hydrodistilled in a Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 h to obtain a light yellow oil with a sharp smell and a 0.2% yield.
GC/FID and GCfMS analyses: GC/FID analysis of the oil was carried out on a Nucon 5765 gas chromatograph fitted with a SE-30 10% Chromosorb-W packed stainless steel column (2 m x 2 mm). Oven program: 80°C (5 min), 80°-290°C (5°C/min), 290°C (10 min); carrier gas, nitrogen, flow rate 40 mL/min; injector temperature 240°C; detector temperature 280°C. GC/MS analysis of the oil was performed by split less injection of 1.0 µL of the oil on a Hewlett Packard 6890 gas chromatograph fitted with a cross-linked 5% PH ME siloxane HP-5 MS capillary column, 30 m ? 0.32 mm, 0.25 µm coating thickness, coupled with a model 5973 mass detector. GC/MS operation conditions: injector temperature 220°C; transfer line 240°C; oven temperature program 60°-290°C (3°C/min); carrier gas helium at 1.4 mL/min. Mass spectra: electron impact (EI^sup +^) mode 70 eV, ion source temperature 240°C. Individual components were identified by Wiley 275.L database matching and by comparison of retention times and mass spectra of constituents with published data (10). Relative percentages of components were calculated from peak area-percent report of volatiles from GC/FID data (Table I). Retention indices of constituents were determined using n-alkanes as standards (11).
Antibacterial analysis: The flower oil of E. lunu-ankenda was tested for its antibacterial activity by the disc agar diffusion method (12-13). Grain-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus and Gram-negative bacteria, Serratia niarcescens, Pseudomonas fluorescent, Klehsiella pneunwniae, Proteus vulgeris, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained from the Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India as Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC) and were used for testing. These bacteria were grown on Mueller-Hinton agar medium (pH 7.2-7.4). Microbial suspensions were then made from the agar plates using relevant broths. The agar media were poured into the plates to uniform depth of 5 mm and allowed to solidify. Then the microbial suspensions were streaked over the surface of media using a sterile cotton swab to ensure the confluent growth of the organism. Aliquots (10 µL) of the oil at 1:2 dilution in dimethyl sulfoxide were impregnated on Whatman No. 1 filter paper discs of 6 mm size. These discs were then aseptically applied to the surface of the agar plates at well-spaced intervals. The plates were incubated at 36°C for 24 h and observed zones of inhibition were measured. Control discs impregnated with 10 µL of DMSO, inert solvent and streptomycin at 2 µg/disc, reference for bacteria, were used alongside the test discs in each experiment (Table II).
Results and Discussion
Of the 38 constituents in the flower oil, 31 constituents comprising 95.1% of the oil were identified (Table I). The major constituents were evodione (38.9%), (E)-β-ocimene (12.4%), isolycodolin (11.7%) and alloevodionol (10.6%). The remaining components (21.5%) were mono- and sesquiterpenoids. The oil showed significant activity (Table II) against all tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially against Gram-negative bacteria, Salnwnella typhi and Klehsiella pneumoniae.
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