Essential Oils from Leaves, Stems, Flowers and Fruits of Haplophyllum robustum Bge. (Rutaceae) Grown in Iran

Journal of Essential Oil Research: JEOR, Jul/Aug 2006 by Bamonieri, Abdolhamid, Safaei-Ghomi, Javad, Asadi, Heydar, Batooli, Hosein, Et al

Abstract

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves, stems, flowers and fruits of Haplophyllum robustum Bge. (Rutaceae) were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. 1,8-Cineole was the major component (19.1-45.1%) in almost all oils, except for the leaf oil which contained cis-sabinene hydrate (23.2%) as the main constituent. The composition of the oils were mostly quantitatively rather than qualitatively different. All oils consisted mainly of monoterpenes and a small percentage of non-terpenoid compounds.

Key Word Index

Haplophyllum robustum, Rutaceae, essential oil composition, 1,8-cineole, cis-sabinene hydrate, γ-terpinene, limonene.

Introdution

The genus Haplophyllum, which belongs to the Rutaceae family, is represented in the flora of Iran by 18 species including nine endemics (1,2). A water-distilled oil obtained from the aerial parts of H. rohustum has been the subject of our previous studies. Twenty-three compounds representing 86.1% of the total components were detected in the oil. It consisted mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons and small percentage of sesquiterpenes. The major compounds were sabinene (30.5%), β-pinene (18.2%) and limonene (12.1%) (3). However, to the best of our knowledge no report on the oils from the leaves, stems, flowers and fruits of this plant exists, leading us to the present work. The oils were obtained by the usual process of hydrodistillation followed by GC and GC/MS analysis.

Experimental

Plant material: Leaves, stems, flowers and fruits of H. tvhustum were collected in July and August of 2000 in around Kashan, Province of Isphahan, Iran. Voucher specimens have been deposited at the Herbarium (voucher No. 3738) of the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (TARI), Tehran, Iran.

Oil isolation: Fresh leaves (160 g), steins (180 g), flowers (90 g) and fruits (45 g) of H, rohustum were subjected to separate hydrodistillation for 3 h using a Clevenger-type apparatus. After decanting and drying over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the corresponding yellowish colored oils were recovered from the leaves, stems, flowers and fruits in a yields of 1.1%, 0.39%, 1.1% and 2.1% (w/w), respectively.

Analyste: GC analysis of the oils were performed on a Shimadzu 15A gas chromatograph equipped with a split/splitless injector (250°C). Nitrogen was used as carrier gas (1 mL/min) and the capillary column used was DB-5 (50 m x 0.2 mm, film thickness 0.32 µm). The column temperature was kept at 60°C for 3 min and then heated to 220°C with a 5°C/min rate and kept constant at 220°C for 5 min.

GC/MS: Analysis was performed using a Hewlett-Packard 5973 with a HP-5MS column (30 m x 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 µm). The column temperature was kept at 60°C for 3 min and programmed to 220°C at a rate of 5°C/min, and kept constant at 220°C for 5 min. The flow rate of helium as carrier gas was 1 mL/min. MS were taken at 70 eV

Identification of the constituents of each oil was made by comparison of their mass spectra and retention indices (RI) with those given in the literature and those authentic samples (4). Relative percentage amounts were calculated from peak area using a Shiinadzu C-R4A chromatopac without using correction factors.

Results and Discussion

Chemical components identified in the four oils of H. robustum and their percentage composition are listed in Table I. Monoterpenes represented the most abundant constituents of the oil of leaves, stems, flowers and fruits (74.2%, 74.0%, 85.8% and 76.8%, respectively). 1,8-Cineole was the major constituent of these oils (27.7%, 45.1% and 28.4%) except for the leaf oil which was rich in cis-sabinene hydrate (23.2%). In all samples we could not find any trace of sesquiterpenes. The qualitative and quantitative variation between our results and our previous report (3) for the constituents of the oil from aerial parts may be attributed to the different environmental conditions.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to V. Mozaffarian (Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands , Tehran) for helpful assistance in collecting plant material and for botanical identification.

References

1. K.H. Rechinger, Haplophyllum. In: Flora Iranica, Rutaceae. no. 36, Edits., K.H. Rechingerand I.C. Hedge.p.10, Akademlsche Druck and Vertagsantalt, Graz, Austria (1966).

2. V. Mozaffarian, A Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names, p. 260, Farhang Moaser, Tehran (1996).

3. S. Masoudi, A. Rustaiyan and P. Aberoomand Azar, Essential oil of Haplophyllum robustum Bge. from Iran. J. Essent. Oil Res., In press.

4. R.P. Adams, Identification of Essential Oil Component by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy. Allured Publ. Corp., Carol Stream, IL (1995).

Abdolhamid Bamonieri, Javad Safaei-Ghomi and Heydar Asadi

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran

Hosein Batooli

Isfahan Research Center of Natural Resources, Kashan station, Kashan, Iran

Shiva Masoudi

Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, I.A.University, Tehran Iran

Abdolhossein Rustaiyan*

Department of Chemistry, Science if Research Campus, I.A.University, P.O. Box 14515-775, Tehran, Iran